Background: The biochemical role of the vitamin D (VD) endocrine system, in particular its potential anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties increased the interest in its potential role in prevention and control of the diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study is intended to evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy of VD in averting the detrimental effects of both types of diabetes mellitus. Main methods: A total of fifty male Wistar rats (six-weeks-old) were allotted into 5 groups: placebo group injected ip with citrate buffer (pH 4.5); nongenetic model type 1 diabetic rats group(T1D), injected with single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg, ip); nongenetic model type 2 diabetic rats group (T2D), given a combination of short term high fat diet (HFD) feeding followed by low single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg, ip); the fourth group was gastro-gavaged with VD, vidropR (1000 IU/kg) three days after induction of T1D and continued daily through out the experiment and the fifth group was gastro-gavaged with VD (1000 IU/kg) three days after induction of T2D and continued daily through out the experiment. The Experimental period was lasted for 60 successive days. Key findings: Results revealed that, VD decreased FPG, ketoacidosis, interleukin-6, HOMA-IR of insulin resistance and increased FPI, ISOGTT index of insulin sensitivity and IGI/IR of β–cell function. Significance: These results show that VD ameliorated and mitigated the deleterious biochemical impacts of diabetes mellitus probably by increased insulin secretion, sensitivity and ameliorate β-cell function as well as decreased proinflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance.

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