Objective: to analyze the evolution of quality assurance policies in pedagogical careers in Chile. Methodology: qualitative study, with comparative analysis based on case studies and cross-sectional design. The analysis focuses on the evolution of quality assurance policies based on the dimensions and evaluation criteria of teaching careers in Chile. The units of analysis are the policies of the National Accreditation Commission, in different moments since the establishment of the evaluations in the pedagogy careers. Results: three moments are identified in the quality assurance processes of the pedagogy careers. Thus, quality assurance policies are rearranged in the organization of evaluation dimensions and criteria, reaching greater complexity and transversality, promoting self-regulation and continuous improvement, the qualification of initial teacher training and the consolidation of a quality culture. Conclusions: the evolution of the quality assurance processes of pedagogy careers expands and focuses efforts to improve the quality of initial teacher training. The challenges are transparency, institutional capacity to achieve a culture of quality, and the correlation between the requirements that accredit quality in pedagogy programs and the practice of the teaching profession.
As pollution caused by war is of great importance in today’s world, lots of studies have been done in this relation. Widespread use of weapons such as lead particles, explosives, pneumatic bombardment, cannon balls, chemical weapons and chemical, microbial bombs, etc will definitely be followed by environmental destructive effects. Nowadays, damage to the environment is used by the parties involved as a military strategy. Pollution problems created by military activities have plagued a lot of nations. The war between Iran and Iraq also is not an exception and it caused a lot of damages to the environment. Unfortunately, after the war and clearing the occupied territories, the lands are used for agriculture, aquaculture and other cases without investigation in terms of soil and water pollution state and the products enter the market and this can result in serious problems. To survey the rate of soils chemical pollution in relation to heavy metals, (based on the occupation period and also the clearings done) the surrounding area of Khorramshahr was divided into 3 regions and the sampling was done in 2 depths of 0-30 and 30-60 centimetres by a manual ogre. All physical and chemical tests, and also the amount of heavy metals common in military compounds including lead, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, iron, zinc and cadmium were measured in samples. Then, through factorial sequential design and Tukey test, the results were compared with each other. In comparison of the results with standard level and also the rate of these metals in non-polluted soils, severe contamination, in terms of cadmium was observed. Of course, the amount of chromium was in standard range but in comparison with the amounts of this metal in non-polluted soils, concentration of this metal is too high and can be dangerous in long-term. Therefore, first of all, people should be made aware of the dangers resulting from this pollution and with creating other jobs; agriculture and animal husbandry should be avoided in these areas. In addition, in long term it should be attempted to eliminate pollutants in the soil of Khorramshahr through common methods specially phtoremediation.
The turbulent filtration equation in porous media is a very important equation which has many applications to solve the problems appearing especially in fluid mechanic. Many applied mechanical problems can be solved using this equation. For example, non-Newtonian mechanical filtration equation, which is a very important equation in fluid mechanic, is a special case of this equation. In this paper, several numerical solutions are presented to solve the turbulent filtration equation and its special cases such as the non-Newtonian mechanical filtration equation. The proposed discrete numerical solutions will be simulated using the Matlab software to proof that the proposed numerical solutions are realizable.
Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic. While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in bacteria may confer resistance to antimicrobial drugs, genes that confer resistance can be transferred between bacterial in a horizontal fashion by conjugation, transduction or transformation.. Thus, a gene for antibiotic resistance that evolves via natural selection may be shared. Evolutionary stress such as exposure to antibiotics then selects for the antibiotic resistant trait. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on plasmids, facilitating their transfer. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multidrug resistant (MDR) or, informally, a superbug or super bacterium. The emerging resistance in today’s world has created a major public health dilemma. The major driving force behind the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is the rapid rise of antibiotic consumption. This trend reflects the growing medicalisation of societies worldwide, with its identification of microbial pathogens as the cause of infectious diseases. Antibiotics promise cure. This together with their ease of use, the usually short treatment requirements, and, for many parts of the world, availability without prescription by a doctor results in a demand that is increasingly met by a growing supply of generic drugs produced in emerging market economies. The same escalation in consumption has occurred in the animal welfare sector, prompting concerns about the transmission of antibiotic resistance through the food chain. An additional set of threats that facilitate the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens comes from unpredictable disasters that disrupt human livelihoods and bring about crowding, mass migration, famine and unsafe water supplies. Conflicts within and between states, environmental degradation and climate change can provide scenarios in which infectious diseases thrive and antibiotic resistance may come to the forefront.
The impact of the cluster based mentoring system on the performance of teachers is the central theme of the research. For this study a sample of 30 officers, 60 head teachers and 500 teachers were randomly selected. The primary data were collected from officers, head teachers and teachers through survey method, questionnaire and observation tools, while the literature was reviewed for the collection of secondary data. It was found that there is a significant impact of cluster based mentoring on the performance of primary school teachers. Cluster based mentoring has modified and brought positive changes in the attitude, skills and teaching methods of primary teachers. It has enhanced the learning of students. A significant difference between cluster based mentoring trained and untrained primary school teachers was observed. The performance of trained teachers was better than untrained teachers. No significant difference between male and female or rural and urban area cluster based mentoring trained primary school teachers was observed. The problems faced by teacher under cluster based mentoring program were relating to lack of planning, no advance announcement of complete schedule of cluster based mentoring workshops and the prevailing uncertainty. The recommendations of study are given at the end of paper.
Present work shows a dynamic and computational modelling for anthropometric of athletes. According to this technique, in this work an improved modelling based on measurements was classified and compared with a special type of skulls of sportswomen with other anthropometric classes of sportswomen. On the other hand present work compares the anthropometric data for blood pressure of runner related to runner velocity (running time) and runner stature in two cases. Consequently, the results of this work will help to reduce the risk of sportswomen activities.
The present work was carried out to investigate the ability of Spirulina platensis to produce antimicrobial substance against bacteria and fungi. The cells of the cyanobacterium were subjected to different extractions and the purified antagonistic compound proved to be effective against broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi. The antagonistic compound was purified using thin layer chromatography. The results indicated that the IR spectrum showed bands at 1269 cm-1, 1414 cm-1 (C-O-C), 1643 cm-1 (CO of amide),1563 cm-1 (C=C) and broad band 3441 cm-1 (of OH and NH)., 1HNMR showed δ 0.8 (-CH3), δ 1.2 (-CH2), δ 4.2(-OH), δ 7.2(-NH), δ 7.4 and δ 7.7 (aromatic CH)., Mass spectrum showed molecular ion beak at m/z = 341(abundance (0.03%).. Also, the elemental analysis gave molecular formula,C15H18NO8.
In many geotechnical problems, direct shear tests are used to evaluate the shear strength properties of geomaterials in order to obtain design parameters .In order to investigate the effect of scale factor on shear strength of granular soils, several researches were done previously but hereunto no similar studies have been done on sands with different silt percentages. This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of shear box size on shear strength properties of silty sands. For this purpose Firuzkuh standard sand with angular-shaped particles is used. Three different silt percentages (10%, 20% and 30%) are added into the pure Firuzkuh sand and specimens are prepared at their maximum dry densities with their optimum moisture content. Direct shear tests are performed with three different shear box sizes (6060 mm, 100100 mm and 300300 mm). Results indicate that the peak shear strength and the peak friction angle decreases with increasing in the shear box size, while residual shear strength is constant. Also increasing in the silt percentages caused decrease in the peak shear strength. Results show that reduction rate of friction angle with increasing in the box sizes decreases with increasing in the silt percentages.
Aim: Impotent planning system in house providing process is the result of inadequate housing management system in theoretical, empirical, and operational fields. Also Mass Construction industry in Iran confronts other problems such as instability in raw material prices, unsteadiness in production and investment laws and regulations, frailty of transportation infrastructure, international sanctions and etc. Furthermore customers’ needs, lower costs, and greater customizations lead mass producing to search for new solutions and novel producing system. Agility is offered as a strategy to enable Mass Construction associations to be maintained in the competition of constantly changing market in Iran. In such a market previous approaches lose their potentiality in supply chain. Thus to achieve agility by Mass Construction association is the chief aim of this study.\nMethodology: This study is descriptive-analytic and can be identified as developmental –functional considering its target. After surveying previous research literature and using experts’ opinions, we investigated final agile sub criteria of supply chain and then we used interpretive- structural modeling approach to determine the relation among sub criteria and to offer an agile supply chain model.\nFindings: Surveying research literature and experts’ opinions lead us to identify 8 criteria ( society, government, financial, information technology, market, partnership, quality and technology) and also 22 sub criteria for supply chain’s agility. Then the results were analyzed through interpretive-structural approach and relation of criteria and sub criteria and their consequence were achieved. These relations showed that government and infrastructure investment, culture, regulations and responses to social and environmental issues are the basis of agility in mass housing productions’ supply chain. This model helps supply chain managers to have strategic planning to enhance agility in supply chain and find effective sub criteria and criteria to invest on.
