Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an immunosuppressant fungal compound produced by toxigenic species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi. OTA is key mycotoxin which can cause nephrotoxicity in different animals. In the current study, techniques were used to elucidate the genotoxic and immunosuppressive roles of OTA in rabbits. Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study, they were distributed into four groups, group I was given a diet containing OTA; Group II, was given selenium preparation in the form of oral dose; Group III: was given both selenium and OTA and finally, Group IV was fed a standard control. Blood samples were collected from each rabbit, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were collected at the 20th day from the end of the experiment in order to estimate phagocytosis % and killing %. Comet assay was applied for observing DNA damage of lymphocytes introduced by OTA. Beside, Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF α); Interleukin 2 (IL2) and Interleukin 6 (IL6) levels were measured using ELISA. Selenium was given orally to two groups of the rabbits either separately or combined with OTA in order to determine its capacity as anticytotoxic effect. Results showed that OTA reduced the percentage of phagocytosis; killing % and Lymphocyte Stimulation Index (LSI). Comet assay recorded significant increase of lymphocytes DNA damage. Furthermore, data revealed an elevation of IL2; IL6 and TNF α as a result of the use of OTA. On the other hand, selenium showed great anticytotoxic effect, where selenium treated group didn’t showed any alteration of the level of cytokines; % of phagocytosis; killing % or LSI comparing with control group. Meanwhile, it showed a significant effect in dimensioning DNA damage in compare with OTA treated group I. This capacity of selenium as an antioxidant is promising for its use as feed additives in order to prevent the harmful effects of mycotoxins.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of effects of blue ocean strategy in Pakistani organization. The objective is to compare the operational effectiveness in any strategic decision and identify the main difference. This difference can be achieved by delivering greater value to the customer or it provides comparable value at satisfactorily noticeable lower cost.

With the passage of time digital technology multiple computing solutions continue to evolve and communities/ group’s use these technologies expanded exponentially, which leads to quick adoption of the technology/ tolls of education support and enhancement programs. This paper on strategic plan for e-learning implementation is as a guide to help the colleges/ universities to fulfill the teaching requirement and students needs of e-learning modules.

To implement Knowledge Management in any organization, some kind of strategy should be focused and this strategy should be linked with the overall strategy to remain competitive in the business. This paper highlights strategy, Knowledge Management, importance of KM, knowledge strategy, KM strategies for Pakistani organizations. From literature review, two dominant strategies were identified as personalization and codification. These two strategies were linked with Porter five forces that shape strategy, Blue Ocean Strategy, Human Resource Management and Information Technology.

Companies utilize a collection of resources to perform operational and supportive activities to achieve their objectives. Resources can be utilized efficiently or non-efficiently. In this research a mathematical model is proposed to increase the ability of resource utilization. Also an automotive supplier is investigated as a case study that has 15 main business processes and 19 resources those have been utilized by these processes. To evaluate the capability of resource utilization, efficiency factor (EF) measure is defined. For each obtained EF, cost values are estimated to increase efficiency of resource utilization. A questionnaire that has two sections is designed to attain needed data of the efficiency factors and cost values. Then the mathematical model is solved to maximize resource utilization measure by considering budget limit. Results of the model detect 14 improvement opportunities to increase efficiency of resource utilization in the business processes. Afterwards the detected opportunities are categorized to four groups to enable managers to prioritize improvement plans in implementation phase. Finally based on the above activities, an executive framework is presented.

To implement Knowledge Management in any organization, some kind of strategy should be focused and this strategy should be linked with the overall strategy to remain competitive in the business. This paper highlights strategy, Knowledge Management, importance of KM, knowledge strategy, KM strategies for Pakistani organizations. From literature review, two dominant strategies were identified as personalization and codification. These two strategies were linked with Porter five forces that shape strategy, Blue Ocean Strategy, Human Resource Management and Information Technology.

Supply chain management is one of the fast growing fields in today’s competitive business world. With the invention of new technologies and advancements in the field of electronics, management of organizations have started to realize the importance of e-business strategies. One of these strategies is e-supply chain which might prove more valuable due to speed and flexibility in tracking of items all across the supply chain. Since e-supply chain management is one of the modern strategies hence it may also face strong barriers to its implementation like any other latest and innovative strategy. Overcoming these barriers would only be possible if these barriers are clearly identified. Management of organizations has strong role to play in training of people on e-supply chain strategies. This paper primarily focuses on identification of e-supply chain barriers in services industry of Pakistan along with brief comparisons with manufacturing sector industry. The research has shown that e-supply chain could be very beneficial for its practitioners and promises for greater returns and rewards. The research has further classified people resistance to change, cultural compatibility of different organizations and training issues as common barriers to implementation of e-supply chain for both services and manufacturing sector industries, however, up-gradation of internal processes and privacy issues could be some additional challenges being faced by the manufacturing sector industry of the country.

It is imperative to identify practical considerations that software projects can use to help them maximize User Interface (UI) design quality while minimizing cost and programming effort. Although, recent advances in hardware products cause production of larger screens with new features, yet the screen size is so limited; moreover, the capabilities of the applications and expectation of the end-users is increased. Therefore, introducing new methods to increase end-users\' concentration is essential. In this paper, we propose new structures and methods for designing from-based user interfaces. The structures include widgets, organization and navigation with friendly capabilities, help and education, efficiency and customization. The ideas can be widely deployed in our currently used interfaces in order to increase efficiency.

This study links up the theories of social psychology, economics and sport management to assess the impact of sport participation on subjective well-being (SWB) and use a simple statistic method to estimate the relative monetary value that sport participation derives SWB for Taiwan’s college students. By constructing proper measurements on sport participation and SWB respectively, a structural equation model (SEM) is developed to perform a confirmatory factory analysis, and the causal relationship between sport participation and SWB as well as the effect of the demographic variables on these two concepts are also discussed.

The objective of this research was to determine the effects storage time on chemical, physical and microbial characteristics of saffron. Chemical characteristics of saffron (crocus sativus L.) were analyzed by spectrophotometry device. Chemical characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were determined by spectrophotometric device Using 255, 325 and 440 nm wavelength for three components, picrocrocin, safranal and crocin which are responsible for flavor, aroma and color parameters respectively. Mean of bacterial total count, coliforms count, E. coli and mold & yeast were 7×104, 6.9×103, 2×103 and 8×103 colony forming units (cfu) per gram. Saffron samples were underwent microbial analysis, chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation at 30 days intervals. Moisture content decreased from 8.2 % to 7.4% during 60 days storage. The number of aerobic bacterial, coli form, E. coli and mold and yeast decreased with increase of storage time. There was significant difference in sensory quality and chemical characteristics in saffron during storage time.

In this study the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on microbial load, chemical and sensory characteristics of camel meat have been evaluated. Meat samples were packed under MAP conditions (MA1: 20 % CO2+70 % N2+10 % O2, MA2: 30 % CO2+70 % N2, MA3: 60 % CO2+20 % N2+20 % O2, MA4: 60 % CO2+40 % N2). MAP was effective for inhibiting growth of total plate counts (TPC), Pseudomonas sp., and yeasts and molds. The b* values were lower in samples packed with 60 % CO2 than in the other groups and increased with time and a* value were lower in samples packed without O2 than in the other groups. In samples of group MA1, TVN values tended to be higher than those packed with 60 % CO2 and significant differences (P<0.01) among the groups were found at 21 days of storage.

Irradiation is considered one of the most efficient technological processes for the reduction of microorganisms in food. It can be used to improve the safety of food products, and to extend their shelf lives. This work investigated the effects of different packaging methods (air and modified atmosphere packaging) combined with irradiation (0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy) on the preservation of saffron samples stored at room temperature for up to 60 days by sensory evaluation, color, moisture content, texture and bacterial growth. Microbial analysis indicated that irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging had a significant effect on the reduction of microbial loads. Among the analyzed bacteria, coliforms were most sensitive to gamma radiation. Shelf-life evaluation was based on color, moisture content, texture and sensory evaluation. Samples stored under air exposure showed the highest discoloration rate and dehydration. Based on sensory analyses and physic-chemical analyses as a whole, the saffron samples packaged under MA and irradiated with dose 2.0 kGy were acceptable under storage for 60 days, compared to 30 days for air-packaged non irradiated samples.