The Probation Service is a crucial component of state organization and operation, as this \ninstitution\'s purpose is to oversee alternative sentencing, thereby ensuring the rehabilitation \nof individuals subject to such sanctions. For the successful realization of this goal—namely, \nthe assistance in reintegration and resocialization of law offenders into the community \nthrough contemporary methods and tools of alternative punishments—the staff of the \nProbation Service must be qualified. This entails that the selected personnel not only possess \nthe requisite professional training to handle supervised individuals but also continuously \nundergo various processes and techniques for motivation, professional development, and \nperformance evaluation. Consequently, and due to the scant scientific research in this field \nin Albania and beyond, our aim is to highlight the most crucial element of such an \ninstitution—the personnel, specifically, the so-called probation service specialists (PSS).\nWe have examined whether the management of PSS in Albania adheres to international \nstandards, or the so-called Tokyo Rules, concerning personnel, starting from the selection \nprocess, motivation, performance evaluation, and professional development. To achieve this \nobjective, firstly, it was determined whether the Albanian legal framework on the \norganization and functioning of the Probation Service specifies these international standards, \nor the Tokyo Rules, regarding personnel. Secondly, it was verified whether these \ninternational standards on personnel are applied in the management practices of PSS in \nAlbania. Thirdly, it was ascertained that managing PSS according to international standards \nguarantees the effective execution of alternative sentences. In this manner, we have \ndemonstrated the role and impact that well-managed personnel have on achieving the \npurpose and mission of the Probation Service, namely, the rehabilitation and reintegration of \nthe supervised individual.\nThis study, from the perspective of the Tokyo Rules, has first revealed that the legal \nframework in Albania for managing the personnel of the Probation Service adheres to \ninternational standards, or the so-called Tokyo Rules; secondly, that the management in \npractice of PSS does not occur according to this legal framework and international standards. \nFurthermore, it has been shown that the management in practice of PSS not according to \ninternational standards has not ensured the effective execution of alternative sentences. Thus, \nwe have identified the direct impact that well-managed personnel have on realizing the goal \nand mission of the Probation Service, i.e., the supervision of alternative sentences and the \nrehabilitation/reintegration of the supervised person.
This study aimed to compare alveolar bone thickness in anterior jaw regions in subjects with class I and class II malocclusions. Fifty cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the upper jaw and 20 CBCT images of the lower jaw were selected from available records in a private radiology center. The images were divided into class I and class II malocclusions, according to ANB and Wits analysis. Bone thickness was measured in the anterior regions of the maxilla and mandible in three areas including apex, middle root and alveolar crest at both buccal and lingual sides. The values were compared between groups using independent samples t-test and Mann�Whitney U test.In the upper jaw, bone thickness was significantly greater in class II than in class I patients in the palatal crest and buccal apex areas (P = 0.049 and P< 0.001, respectively). At the palatal side of the apex, the mean bone thickness was significantly lower in class II than in class I subjects (P = 0.001). Neither in other regions of the upper jaw nor at any part of the lower jaw, there was any significant difference in bone thickness between class I and class II patients (P > 0.05). The crest region of lower incisors was thin (<1mm) in both groups.There are some differences in alveolar bone thickness between class I and class II patients in the upper jaw, which should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The purpose of this paper is to estimate and evaluate the relationship between Climate Change Performance Index and economic growth for 56 countries. Climate change will affect the accumulation of capital and savings. Climate change reduces the productivity of capital and, faced with a lower rate of return, agents may prefer to invest less and consume more today and hence reduces growth and future GDP. Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) evaluates and compares the climate protection performances of the about 58 countries that, together, are responsible for more than 90 percent of global energy-induced CO2 emissions. This index measures via thirteen different composite indicators and varies between zero to 100 in such a way that a higher index means a better climate protection performance. Our findings regarding the estimated panel regression analysis during 2008-2010 show that more the climate protection performance has a positive impact on economic growth and encourage this.
The major purpose of this study was to identify educational mechanisms in enhancing livestock nutrient management in the Garmsar Township of Semnan Province. The total population of study was all 110 livestock unit managers in the Garmsar Township. The data was collected by using questionnaire through using interview method. The findings of this study indicated that majority of respondents believed group teaching methods increase their knowledge level. Respondents indicated that the newspaper was determined as the most effective mass teaching methods in helping them to increase knowledge, skills and change attitudes. The results demonstrated that respondents preferred face to face meetings as the most important individual teaching methods. It was also reported that educational classes was the most effective group teaching methods.
Branding is a pivotal issue for operating in today’s competitive markets. Brand interacts with a consumer’s mind, so firms are required to touch all aspects of their business comprehensively and consistently. Brand equity is considered as the most important aspect of branding which is a set of brand liabilities and assets associated with the brand, its symbol or name that subtract/add from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and customers. So, the current research endeavor was to identify the interrelationship of customer based brand equity dimensions (perceived service quality, brand image, brand loyalty and brand awareness) in hotel industry of Pakistan. The data was collected from the customers who experienced the services of five star hotels located in multiple cities of Pakistan. Mediating regression and stepwise regression analyses were applied to test the study hypotheses. The study findings will contribute to improve insights into the measurement of multidimensional construct of brand equity based on perceptions of the patrons and address gap in hotel brand equity literature especially in context of developing countries. Implications for management of five star hotels are presented hereunder.
Despite widespread use of Curve Number (CN) as main parameter in SCS equations for estimating runoff of statistics-free basins, its capability in appropriate estimation of runoff has always been controversial. In this study, ability of CN method has been studied in estimating runoff through the application of a stochastic optimization method and within the framework of SCS equations. In stochastic method, sensitivity of statistical distributions, number of statistical samples and range of CN changes on accuracy of calculations have been studied through the application of MonteCarlo Simulation.The used stochastic method is stable based on the rainfall and runoff information. For this purpose, rainfall and runoff modeling are first selected and probable distribution functions, governing these events, are specified. Then, rainfall and runoff modeling are produced in different sample sizes within random modeling. Produced samples of rainfall and runoff are evaluated based on the specific criteria and specific runoff modeling is selected. The selective runoffs and number of experimental curves are used in SCS equations, rainfall modeling is calculated and their probable functions are determined. Based on Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test, optimal curve number (CNOPT) is set between produced distribution functions and initial probability distribution function governing rainfall events. Also, average and mean curve number (CNAVG,,CNMEG) has been studied. Statistics of basins representing Kasilian and Emameh has been used with the aim of studying efficiency of stochastic method. In KasilianBasin, the runoffs, calculated through the use of CN OPT, enjoyed the minimum error than observational runoffs. This emphasizes desirable capability of CN method in estimating runoff of the basin but stochastic method was unenforceable in Emameh Basin due to the shortage of rainfall and runoff events.
In this paper the effect of the springback on the bending operation of different materials are studied. Dies were designed and constructed in cylindrical shape. Three types of alloys are used; aluminum alloy 7020 T6, copper alloy and lead alloy. These alloys have different sheet thickness (2 and 4) mm. Bending was done by using the press of 80 ton. The springback is calculated by published equation. It can be concluded that, the Aluminum sheets (AA7020 T6) have the biggest springback factor, the springback factor equal one in lead alloy of 2 mm thickness that indicated there is no spring back in this sheet. Also concluded that the hardness of the sheet increased, the springback back factor increased too. Also in the aluminum and copper sheets when the thickness increased the spring back factor increased while in the lead alloy when the thickness increased the springback factor decreased.
This study was conducted to investigate the pesticide residues in dehusked rice (Oryza sativa L.) on ADT 36 variety of TamilNadu, India. The concentration of quinalphos pesticide was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometer. In this variety, study was done for extracting and computing the organochlorine and Organophosphorous pesticide residues using GC-MS as a quantitative tool. The mean levels of pesticide in the sample has crossed the threshold limiting values (TLV) of PFA. So presently there is serious health problem in the sample due to pesticide poisoning. The results present important information on the current contamination status of an important agricultural crop in India and highlight the need for immediate action to manage the use of some excessively applied and potentially persistent pesticides.
