The incidence of liver dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is relatively high. Liver dysfunction in patients with SLE includes liver injury caused by SLE itself (lupus hepatitis [LH]) and other comorbid liver diseases. This article aimed to conduct a literature review of cases regarding the SLE and comorbid liver diseases. The prevalence of liver dysfunction in SLE is up to 60%. According to most studies, patients with SLE have a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection compared with those without SLE. The patients with SLE, particularly complicated with antiphospholipid syndrome, are highly at risk of developing portal thrombosis and Budd–Chiari syndrome. Cases of comorbid autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and SLE are relatively uncommon, and distinguishing LH from comorbid SLE and AIH is necessary. Comorbidities of primary biliary cholangitis and SLE were relatively well documented. Prognosis may be favorable except for those with liver failure. Meanwhile, this review found a few case reports of comorbidity of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with SLE.
The protection of the victim in a criminal activity is guaranteed first by international legislation and further by national legislation, which is approaching international law. The European Union countries, increasingly, have sought to have a unified law. While countries that want to join the EU, as well as Albania, have a legal obligation to have their internal laws in line with the EU acquis, as the latter is considered as the model to be followed in domestic law, it is the right to be achieved and that should be. The reforms undertaken in the Criminal Procedure Code, from 2016 onwards, have brought about a significant improvement of the victim of the criminal offense, giving her a more active role and recognition of many procedural rights. Despite the significant improvement of the victim's position in criminal proceedings, there are still legally and practically unresolved problems. One of the very important rights is the right to compensation or reparation of the victim of the criminal offense, in all kinds of damages he has suffered. Legal remedies to address the court are either civil lawsuits in the criminal process or civil lawsuits in the civil process. Victims also manage to get positive decisions from Albanian courts, which cannot be executed effectively. The lack of such legal regulation in Albania has left the victim without an effective compensation/reparation, as an obligation of the state to realize these rights!! This paper attempts to bring about the legal regulation regarding the compensation/reparation of the victim in Albania, is it complete? What is the compensation of victims in practice? This paper tries to be comparative, comparing with the legislation of EU member states such as Italy.
Nowadays, most people are using smart phones and using power banks as backup power sources. However, most of the power banks on the market are heavy and inconvenient to carry. When traveling far away, power is not easy to obtain. When power is needed temporarily, a mobile power bank can come in handy. The motivation for making the hardware in this article is that when the mobile phone is out of power and needs power temporarily, it can be charged immediately. The hardware uses AA batteries to achieve the charging effect through a boost circuit. You can also bring your own rechargeable battery as a charging battery. If the battery runs out, just go to a convenience store to buy batteries and you can continue to charge your phone. Although the charging speed is not fast, it can reach the minimum maintenance power required for temporary emergency calls.
Earth Architecture is a study devoted to the architectural uses of earth in shaping the environment of humankind, a subject closely related to human ecology. Earth Architecture includes contemporary as well as historical and vernacular examples drawn from many cultures and periods. Structural built of earth presently house an estimated 1.5 billion people about 30 percent of the world’s population (Keefe 2005). Archaeologists have found evidence of mud brick buildings constructed as early as ten thousand years ago in the Middle East and North Africa, where impressive buildings up to ten stories high have been recorded in an unbroken architectural tradition that continuous today. Although creating individual earth structures is a familiar practice in many areas of the world today, the practice of reshaping the earth to create new human environments is little known. The current paper is a review on earth architecture from ancient until today!
This study was descriptive research aimed to determine the characteristics of sleep in Thai children (0 - 3 years). Comparison of sleep efficiency in terms of sleep efficiency index (SEI), the time spent in each sleep stage (stage 1, 2, 3, 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep), sleep latency (SL), and total sleep time (TST) between the night and day time would be presented. In the comparison of the sleep efficiency between the night and day time recording of the participants with 0-3 years, the mean percentage of stage 1 NREM sleep during the night time recording was longer than during the day time recording with statistically significant difference between the two recording periods at level of .05. Stage 2 NREM sleep during the night time recording was also longer than during the day time recording, but no statistically significant difference. The mean percentage of stage 3, 4 NREM and REM sleep during the night time recording were shorter than during the day time recording. There was no statistically significant difference between the two periods. The mean duration of SL during the night time recording (19.88±1.44 minutes) was longer than during the day time recording (21.29±2.06 minutes), but no statistically significant difference. The mean duration of TST during the night time recording (7.05±0.25) was longer than during the day time recording (0.91±0.10). There was statistically significant difference at level of .05. In the same way, the mean duration of SLL during the night time recording (9.72±0.18) was longer than during the day time recording (4.82±0.13). There was statistically significant difference at level of .05. The average SLL during both periods of recording was longer than TST.
Si doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the microemulsion (ME) in bis (2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)/cyclohexane/water reverse micelle. The effects of [water]/ [Surfactant] (W0), temperature on the size and morphology of the spherical Si doped TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated. The size of Si doped TiO2 nanoparticles displayed an interesting variation with the increases of W0 and temperature. The photocatalytic properties of the spherical Silica-titania nanoparticles became better when low W0 were used and the spherical regularity was very good. In this study, highest catalytic activity was found to be strongly dependent both on W0 and Temperature calcined. In addition, the Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles calcined at W0 = 2 and 3500C shows the highest activity on the photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue (k= 2.4 10-2 min-1). The properties Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-visible and differential thermal analysis (DTA).
Due to the excessive load demand and non-linearity in loads leads to voltage instability and ultimately leading to voltage collapse. Voltage collapse has to be given the utmost priority because it led to cascading blackouts in the whole network. A voltage stability index is that which examines the voltage stability condition formulated based on line in a power system and identifies weak bus of the system to maintain the stable system, which will be great importance. This paper deals with the development of the weak area clustering technique based on the results obtained from voltage stability analysis and contingency analysis.
This study aimed to determine the sleep efficiency during the night time and day time sleep among Thai children in Thailand. Participants in this study were investigated by using DENVER II for measuring their usual development. The normal development participants were questioned about the sleep characteristics and were recorded the sleep log by their parents. The target population of this study was both male and female Thai children who were lived central part of Thailand. Data collection was conducted in a two-month period during February to March 2006. Twenty-seven Thai children were selected by purposive sampling. Sample size was based on the principle of Polit and Hungler (1995), who suggested the sample of 20-30 cases. The participants of this study were more girl (n=79, 58.52%) than boy (n=56, 41.48%). Their age ranged from 0-6 years with the mean and standard deviation of 3.19 and 0.50 years, respectively. More than half of the participants (n=85, 62.97%) were 0-3 years. Regarding to the health status, the result of this study demonstrates that the health condition of the children’s emotion and behavior prior the experimental procedures. Generally, more than half of the participants did not have any illness or disconfirm one week prior the experiment and were not under frequent medical administration. Most of the participants had positive emotion and friendly or socialization. Sleep environment of the children at home was the main factor in which might influence the children’s sleeping behavior and attitude of following or postponing the bed time. The result of this study shows that the participants are easy awaked during sleep via the environmental influence. More importantly, it can be significantly altered the sleep cycle of the children and effect the results of the study.
In hot and arid regions, drought stress is considered as one of the main reasons for yield reduction. To study the effect of drought stress, iron and zinc spray on the yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was carried out during the crop seasons of 2010 and 2011 on Shahid Salemi Farm in Ahwaz as a split factorial within randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main plots with irrigation factor and 3 levels were considered: Level A) full irrigation, Level B) stopping irrigation at pollination step, and Level C) stopping irrigation at the seed filling stage. Subsidiary plots were considered with and without iron and zinc spray. Influencing the seed filling process, in interaction with Iron, which is an important leaf\'s chlorophyll cation, zinc increased the seed yield. The drought stress reduced the thousand kernels weight (TKW) and the number of seeds per spike increased about 24% and 8.5% more than the one of control treatment, respectively. Using iron, as compared with control treatment, causes the increase of thousand kernels weight from 45.71 to 46.83 grams and the increase of spike from 49.51 to 51.73. Zinc spray increased seed yield and thousand kernels weight. The results obtained from the present research showed that iron and zinc spray has fairly improved the effects caused by drought stress.
Modeling the fermentation process is considered a challenging and complex problem in wide range of industries. The complexity of the problem is driven by the need of efficient, accurate, not expensive, and reliable computing models. In this paper, we apply a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy technique for modeling the lipase activity production based on Temperature, pH, Inoculum, Time and Agitation as input variables of 26 experiments. The accuracy of the developed fuzzy model is measured and compared with conventional regression model. The fuzzy based model showed promising prediction results.
