In any society, due to their age (up to 18 years), minors constitute one of the most important and vulnerable groups. Thus, their treatment and protection is of particular importance, especially when they break the law and come into contact with criminal justice. Therefore, for the treatment of minors in contact with the law, we must have not only a friendly and functional justice system, but also a set of other actors involved in the process. This means that it is necessary to have special programs aimed at studying and dealing with issues for minors in conflict with the law. Programs, which are created and operate also at institutions, such as universities, that have a great importance and impact on society. This project aims to enable the creation in Albania, according to the best practices of the European Union countries, a specific program, with the object of treating minors in conflict with the law. The Code of Criminal Justice for Minors, the first in the history of Albania, has brought a new approach to the criminal justice system by putting the minor at the center, strengthening the justice system in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Convention on Children's Rights. Approximately five years have passed since the adoption of the Code and there are no institutional structures, special programs or specialized personnel for the treatment of minors in conflict with the criminal law. Therefore, it is intended to create a special program for the treatment of minors in conflict with the law in Albania, from the Faculty of Law, University of Tirana.
On the criminal offenses in the field of cybernetics also includes those of a racist and xenophobic nature that are committed through computer systems. The provision of these offenses has come as a result of the implementation of the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on the penalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems, ratified by the Albanian state through law no. 9262, dated 29.7. 2004 "For the ratification of the "Additional Protocol to the convention on cybercrime, for the criminalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems". The criminal offenses transposed by this protocol into the criminal law are: "Computer distribution of pro-genocide materials or crimes against humanity" 1 , "Threats with motives of racism and xenophobia through the computer system" 2 , "Distribution of racist or xenophobic materials through the computer system" 3and "Insult with motives of racism or xenophobia through the computer system" 4 . The common element between them is the racist and xenophobic motive, as well as the fact that their realization is always accomplished through a computer system. The criminalization of the actions of the objective side of these criminal offenses is consistent with the goal of fighting cybercrime, which is increasingly being updated and bringing a variety of methods of execution and consequences. Referring to the data published by the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Albania, the applicability of these provisions in practice has been very low, not to mention zero in some years. Based on these figures, in order to apply these provisions in practice, it is necessary to study and analyze in detail the four provisions above. Under this study need, in this paper we will deal in detail only with the criminal offense " Computer distribution of pro-genocide materials or crimes against humanity", provided by article 74/a, of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania. Specifically, in its content you will find the criminal legal analysis of this criminal offense, current discussions on the efficiency of the norm and the need for its change, as well as practical cases of the ECHR on the consummation of this criminal offense. At the end of the paper, taking into consideration everything that we have dealt with in the entirety of the paper, we have prepared conclusions and recommendations, the applicability of which in practice brings improvement both within a good and efficient legal provision, and in function of applicability of this provision in practice. Field: Material criminal law Keywords: Computer distribution of pro-genocide or crimes against humanity materials
Tick infestation poses a major threat to the lifestyle of livestock. The main tick species found in domestic animals of India is Rhipicephalus [Boophilus] microplus. Several plants have the ability to inhibit the growth of the ticks in domestic animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Acaricidal activity of Eucalyptus essential oil based nanoformulations against Ticks. Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion was formulated in 1:1 ratio. The formulated eucalyptus oilnanoemulsion was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, Fourier Transformed Infrared Analysis . The nanoemulsion droplets were found to have a Z-average diameter of 55.67nm and were spherical in shape. Efficacy of eucalyptus based nanoemulsion against ticks were tested based on In vitro and In Vivo test. The histopathology of tick -treated and untreated nanoemulsion was analyzed.
This paper presents a feminist comparative analysis of siSwati prose, which was published in different eras such as the last decade of the 20th century, as well as the first and second decades of the 21st century. The purpose is to examine the role played by these stories in portraying women\'s struggles and triumphs in their fight for liberation, in a cultural and patriarchal ESwatini. The focus will be on two selected short stories, which were published in different eras, as well as a novel. The short stories are \'Lijazi Lensimbi\' by Oscar J. Sibandze, from the anthology Idubukele by E. T. Mthembu, and \'Sewesitatsu Lomnyaka\' by Thembekile Msibi, from the anthology Khulumani Sive by Zodwa Motsa. The novel is UmSamaliya Lolungile by Betty Dlamini. This is a qualitative study that employs the thematic content analysis method. Data was sampled purposively and conveniently. The findings reveal the crucial role of literature in the fight for women\'s liberation, as there is a magnificent shift in the behaviour of women between the two eras. As the decades pass, cultural strongholds slowly lose their effect on women, as they become a force to be reckoned with, and can unleash the shackles of abuse. It is recommended that more studies of this nature be conducted, to explore the behaviour of women currently, and the struggles they face.
The Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical rainforest in the world, is a crucial component of the Earth's ecosystem, providing habitat for an immense diversity of species. This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) in the Amazon. Through the synthesis of data from over 150 studies, we examine how species richness, functional diversity, and ecosystem services are interconnected. Our findings indicate that increased biodiversity is strongly correlated with enhanced ecosystem resilience and productivity. The results underscore the importance of conserving biodiversity to maintain the ecological balance and functionality of the Amazon Rainforest.
Thermally sprayed coatings are inherently associated with residual stresses in the coatings. These stresses vary in nature and magnitude, and have a pronounced effect on the physical and mechanical properties of coatings. The high speed hole drilling method is widely used to measure the residual stress. Due to the nature of the thermally sprayed coatings, its application for WC/Co coatings is limited. In the current study, WC-12Co coatings were deposited by HVOF. Morphological studies were conducted using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively to evaluate the powder and coating characteristics. The Electro discharge drilling method was developed to measure the residual stress in WC-Co thermally sprayed coatings. The experimental results reveal that the stress curves are not uniform through the coating thickness. It has been found that the mean residual von Misses stress is of approximately 222MPa. Obtained results are in good agreement with the results measured from XRD patterns and reported values from literatures. The developed method confirms the feasibility of residual stresses measurement for HVOF thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings.
Corrosion under insulation is a significant and costly challenge for various industries, particularly in regions with harsh environmental conditions. This study introduces an innovative approach to alleviate the corrosion problem by employing SiO2-nano composite coatings. These coatings not only prevent corrosion but also serve as effective insulators due to their low thermal conductivity, adhering to the ASTM C-518 standard with a heat transfer coefficient of approximately 0.017 W/mK. The coating, comprising 30% water-based acrylic resin and 70% SiO2 composite, adheres directly to surfaces, providing protection through its hydrophobic properties that prevent moisture from reaching metal surfaces. This is crucial as humidity is a primary cause of rust on metals. The nano-composite coatings form a thin, hydrophobic film that insulates oil and gas pipelines, while remaining semi-transparent to allow visual inspection. The effectiveness of this coating was demonstrated using the GM9540P environmental corrosion test, where coated surfaces showed no corrosion after 24 test stages, unlike uncoated surfaces. This study highlights the dual benefits of insulation and anti-corrosion properties offered by the SiO2-nano composite coating.
Purpose – Teacher must act as a leader because his/her role is very effective in educational change. Influence of personality traits on leadership styles has been a significant topic in management but no research emphasis has been given to teacher’s personality influence on their leadership behaviors. This research investigates the correlation between these two aspects.\nDesign/methodology/approach – Quantitative research is done by means of survey to a convenient sample of 228 teachers of public elementary and high schools of Lahore. \nFindings – The dominant traits are associated with both leadership styles thus showing that both people and task oriented leadership styles are effective. \nResearch limitations/implications – This research can be generalized to other areas.\nPractical implications – The research emphasizes the importance of traits and their influence on behavior. Further researches should examine the traits which are needed for an effective leadership styles.\nOriginality/value – The major contribution of this paper is that it correlate personality traits with leadership styles and high light those traits which are associated with effective leadership styles i.e. people oriented so teachers become more aware to adopt those traits which produce effective behavior and change.
Sustainable agriculture as one of the economical substitutes of the current agricultural systems has been the center of attention of farmers, environment experts, the public, policy makers all over the world and a great body of research has been increasingly carried out about different aspects of these new systems. Consequently, this study evaluated the effective factors in achieving a sustainable agricultural systems in north of Khuzestan province. The statistical society of this research includes all potato farmers of northern Khuzestan. This research is of practical type and is based on survey research method carried out in year 2012. The validity of this research has been confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability by distributing 30 copies of questionnaires and analyzing the result by SPSS software by 11.5 Cronbach alpha score which led to 0.76 accepted coefficients. The result showed that there is a positive significant statistical correlation between factors like the level of education, the usage of communication channels, the amount of cooperation with organization of Jihad, the amount of using organic fertilizers and the degree of using integrated pest management (IPM) methods, the amount of using biological fertilizers, and the knowledge of sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, age, gross profit, the amount of using chemical pesticides and fertilizers, experience in agricultural activities and the area under cultivation, has a significant negative statistical correlation on sustainable agriculture. Since it was Further stated that the majority of farmers under investigation, were placed in an average level in terms of sustainable agriculture components, solutions for improvement of knowledge of sustainable agriculture were suggested.
Scurvy, a potentially fatal condition resulting from inadequate vitamin C (ascorbic acid), has been known and feared since ancient times. Its prevention and cure were associated with consumption of fresh fruits, especially citrus, but it wasn't until 1928 that the antiscorbutic factor was identified. Vitamin C is synthesized in almost all species, the exceptions are the primates, including humans, guinea pigs, fish, fruit-eating bats, insects, and some birds. Animals unable to synthesize this vitamin require a dietary source for normal maintenance. The conception that vitamin C's sole function is to prevent scurvy has been revised in recent years. Small quantities of vitamin C are sufficient to prevent and cure scurvy; however, excessive quantities may be required to maintain good health during adverse environmental conditions, physiological stress, and certain ailments. Antioxidant vitamins have received significant attention for their roles in animal and human health by inactivating dangerous free radicals produced during normal cellular activity and from various stressors.
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and improving air quality in densely populated areas. This study investigates the correlation between the presence of urban parks and gardens and the diversity of local flora and fauna in three major cities: New York, Tokyo, and Berlin. Using a combination of field surveys and remote sensing technology, we assessed plant species richness and air pollutant levels in these green spaces. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between the size and diversity of urban green spaces and the improvement of air quality, highlighting the importance of preserving and expanding these areas for environmental health and urban sustainability.
