Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of a season on bond failures of metal brackets using a modified method of direct bonding over a period of 12 months.\nMethods: The clinical study involved thirty patients, 8 men and 22 women, who had a total of 600 metal orthodontic brackets 022\" (Mini Sprint®, Forestadent, Germany) placed. Transbond XTTM (Transbond XT™ Paste and Primer, 3M, Monrovia, CA, USA) adhesive material was applied. All brackets and tubes were placed using a modified direct bonding method. Bond failures were monitored within 12 months from the initial bonding.\nResults: The results showed that out of the total number of the placed brackets, 10 (1.67%) brackets fell off. The highest number of bond failures, 3 (3%) cases, occurred if they were placed in February and March, respectively, while 4 (3.33%) cases of debonding occurred in October. In the period from May to September, as well as in January and November, there was no bond failures.\nConclusion: The results showed a difference in the number of bond failures depending on the season, where the largest number of failed brackets was in the winter period, i.e. in October and December.
Preservation and conservation of water and its quality from various sources of pollution is a task of greater concern nowadays. Heavy metal pollution chiefly lead (Pb) causes various environmental disequilibrium and health hazards. Utilisation of agricultural byproducts for the removal of Pb from such contaminated water has been studied widely in recent decades and the effect of sorbent dosage, initial Pb2+ concentrations, and incubation time intervals on Pb adsorption was described using isotherm models in this study. It was inferred from the results that, FYM had higher Pb adsorption capacity (7.00 mg g-1) than coirpith (2.73 mg g-1) which increased with increasing time intervals from 0 to 7.61 mg g-1 for FYM and 3.71 mg g-1 for coirpith. The adsorption capacity of FYM increased from 0.997 to 15.7 mg g-1 and 0.71 to 5.61 mg g-1 in coirpith when the initial Pb concentration increased from 100 to 2000 mg kg-1. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm explained the sorption process of both the sorbents. Hence, it could be concluded that, FYM is the effective sorbent which can be utilized for the removal of Pb from wastewater.
This study investigates the diversity and adaptation mechanisms of alpine flora in the face of climate change. By analyzing various species across different altitudinal gradients, we explore the phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptations that allow these plants to survive in extreme environments. Our findings highlight the importance of conservation strategies to preserve biodiversity in alpine ecosystems.
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting biodiversity within city environments. This study explores various adaptive strategies that can be implemented to enhance biodiversity in urban parks and gardens. By analyzing case studies from different parts of the world, this research identifies key factors such as plant diversity, habitat complexity, and sustainable management practices that contribute to thriving urban ecosystems. The findings suggest that integrating native plant species, promoting community involvement, and implementing green infrastructure can significantly improve biodiversity outcomes. Recommendations are provided for urban planners and ecologists to optimize green space management for ecological and social benefits.
In many developing countries including Iran, the presence of women in the labor market has not been increased with regard to their level of education. Similarly, there are plenty of obstacles hindering women economic activities outside their houses. The main purpose of this study was to analyze Socio-Cultural barriers of rural women entrepreneurship in Ilam province. The research was an applied study type and due to the lack of control variables, it was considered as a semi-empirical and a casual–relative kind of research. Population of the study consisted of all entrepreneur women located at various rural areas of Ilam. A proportional stratified random sampling method was applied. The sample size was chosen up to 310 numbers of the target group to be able to use Cochrane formula. The main tool of the research was questionnaire which was developed in three main sections. Analysis and data processing was done at two steps. The descriptive statistics (central and dispersion parameters) and analysis (Spearman correlation coefficient) were used. Results of this study showed that not institutionalized culture of entrepreneurship in society is located in the first Priority. Entrepreneur's inability to communicate with others, Lack of coordination between institutions involved in entrepreneurship, Inability to benefit from the opportunities, Negative attitude of banks and financial institutions to women entrepreneurs, Place restrictions on women entrepreneurs for investment, High literacy rate of rural women entrepreneurs, Lack of investment security in the field of women entrepreneurship and Distrust the people and authorities to the women entrepreneurs are located in the second to nine priority. Correlation analysis between variables indicated that there is a significant relationship between socio - cultural variables with the rural women's entrepreneurship.
This study analyzes the role of plant diversity in enhancing soil nutrient cycling within temperate forest ecosystems. By examining a variety of plant species across different forest regions, the research identifies key interactions between plant diversity, microbial activity, and nutrient availability. The results indicate that higher plant diversity significantly enhances nutrient cycling efficiency, promoting ecosystem resilience and productivity. The study underscores the importance of conserving plant diversity to maintain healthy forest ecosystems.
Mechanism of stocks is considered as a medium of financial supply for manufacturing companies. Inflation is also one of the economical and social complications which have gripped the economy in the present century. Fluctuations in inflation rate and its instability during time have created some problems in economical decisions and predictions of companies and can damage the economy of companies. Since the objective of every investment in private section is acquiring efficiency (output), inflation might have a significant effect on private investment. With regard to the fact that inflation decreases the purchase power, investors and managers of companies have a particular attention to the inflation rate and inflation expectations. Therefore, in case the relationship between inflation and output of stock is specified, it can act as a solution to the investors for future planning of companies. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between inflation rate and efficiency of Tehran stocks in order to make the data for decision making about investment as clear as possible.
Urban green spaces play a critical role in enhancing biodiversity and providing essential ecosystem services in densely populated areas. This study evaluates the effect of different urban green space designs on local biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. By comparing species richness and ecosystem services across various green spaces in Singapore, we aim to provide insights into optimizing urban planning for environmental sustainability.
A novel ZnO structure called nano-coral pillar was successfully fabricated by hydrothermal growth method at low temperature. The effect of seed layer on formation of the nanostructure on the borosilicate glass substrate was discussed. Structural and morphological features of the products were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, the photocatalytic activities of the nanostructure for decompositions or removing of methylorange (MO) in aqueous solution were appraised. The results indicate that hydrothermal growth on the seed layer leads to the decrease in the diameter of the rods so that at a constant concentration compared with the case without seed layer the diameter of the nanorods decreases to reach below 100 nm which results in a new highly crystallize ZnO nanostructure that named it nano-coral pillar due to its resembling to a natural structure with this name.
