Phonological fossilization, particularly in terms of pronunciation, presents a significant obstacle for second language learners in further advancing their language proficiency. Therefore, this study, grounded in the theory of interlanguage fossilization, aimed to investigate Mandarin native speakers learning Indonesian as a second language. By designing tests for the target group, collecting data on phonological fossilization, and analyzing the fossilized phonemes produced during the process of learning Indonesian, this research identified the underlying causes of phonological fossilization from both phonetic production and knowledge perspectives. Subsequently, corresponding strategies were proposed to overcome phonological fossilization, with the ultimate objective of improving the language skills of second language learners. This study contributes to the understanding of phonological fossilization in second language acquisition and offers practical insights for language instruction.
In this research, the effects of exchange rate on per capita private consumption in Iran are investigated using an Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. We estimate the model using quarterly data from Iran over the period 1991I–2009IV. Real interest rate and per capita income are used as control variables. The findings show that the exchange rate has a significant and negative effect on per capita private consumption in the short-run. The value of the error correction coefficient is equal to -0.53 implying that around 95% of the per capita private consumption adjustment occurs after two periods.
In the 19th century, the British Parliament passed a series of acts to regulate the employment of children, adolescents and adult women in factories. The 1833 Factory Act, which aimed at improving the working conditions of children in textile factories, is considered the first effective act. Although the general belief was that the factory acts were the result of humanitarian considerations, the underlying motivations of the politicians who supported the 1833 Factory Act have been questioned since then. In a letter he wrote in 1837, W. Nassau Senior argued that operatives pushed for restricting the work hours of children to increase the price of their labor. Putting Senior’s argument in the center of their debate, a group of economists argued that they provided a public choice perspective emphasizing the role of pressure on the part of an interest group (operatives in this case) in the legislative process. Polanyi, on the other hand, presented a totally different, if not completely opposite approach. He put forward the idea that the laboring people were hardly effective in this legislative activity which primarily reflected the resistance of the landlords to mill owners whose interests conflicted on the issue of food prices. This paper searches for evidence to support these arguments by rereading four factory guide books written in the twelve-year period following the 1833 Factory Act. To this end, Andrew Ure’s The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835), Peter Gaskell’s Artisans and Machinery (1836), William Cooke Taylor’s Factories and the Factory System (1844) and Friedrich Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) are reviewed.
In this report a methodology is presented for design of a special 32-bit 64-point processor to implement the OFDM in local wireless networks with IEEE standard 800.11a. In this FFT/IFFT, instead of direct approach, the shifter and adder is used for multiplier; thereby, it yields a major reduction in power area. In this processor a memory bank with the number of elements N=algorithm\' base is considered. On this basis, the callback for digits is performed just in one stage as well as the access time to the memory is reduced.
In this study we adopt a mixed methods approach to examining the extent to which EFL university professors integrate relevant life skills into the L2 writing curriculum, particularly through the feedback that they normally provide learners with. The first phase of the study involved the collection of quantitative data to examine the nature of second language (L2) writing teachers’ linguistic-bound or life-responsive feedback. To this end, analysis of the number and types of feedback provided by L2 writing teachers on written compositions (N = 300) was conducted. Follow-up classroom observations (N = 8) were also carried out. The results from document analyses revealed that around 70% of all the feedbacks covered grammatical issues and mechanics of writing, while paying little, if any, direct attention to the enhancement of learners’ life skills. Besides, the follow-up qualitative phase (classroom observations) added more plausibility to the results obtained from document analyses of written feedback. There were found rare cases where the critical and creative thinking abilities of language learners were highlighted, but these were argued to be triggered in an indirect, limited, and sporadic fashion. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
By getting to know that English language learning classes offer some unique features as venues which enable ELT classes not only to provide opportunities for the development of language proficiency but also to set the scene for the nourishment of learners’ other capabilities, talents, emotions and attitudes, and based on the principles of Applied ELT, English for Life Purposes (ELP) is introduced in this study as a new concept in English language teaching. The authors do not at all suggest that language learning should be underrated in English language classes; nor do they intend to rush the learner towards the apogee of success in every aspect of life overnight. The authors’ proposal is merely suggestive of the fact that the goal of a language class should not be language learning per se; rather, inspired by three streams of evidence as to the importance of enhancing life issues in education, the authors give primacy to enhancing learners’ life qualities through the development and application of life syllabuses in ELT classes. Finally, a sample ELP exercise with the aim of enhancing learners’ emotional intelligence is provided as a model for interested researchers.
The potential of utilizing artificial neural network (ANN) model approach for simulate and predict the hydrogen yield in batch model using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) was investigated. A unique architecture has been introduced in this research to mimic the inter-relationship between three input parameters initial substrate, initial medium pH and reaction temperature (37°C, 6.0±0.2, 10) respectively to predict hydrogen yield. 60 data records from the experiment have been utilized to develop the ANN model. The results showed that the proposed ANN model provided significant level of accuracy for prediction with maximum error (10%). Furthermore, a comparative analysis with a traditional approach Box-Wilson Design (BWD) has proved that the ANN model output significantly outperformed the (BWD). ANN model overcomes the limitation of the BWD approach with respect to the number of records, which is merely considering limited length of stochastic pattern for hydrogen yield (15 records).
This research is by determining purpose of telling memory\'s affect on female and \nmale adult\'s depression of adult\'s house residents. Designing of this experimental \nresearch was by pretest, posttest, and control group. Statistic societies of this research \nwere whole adult\'s resident of Mehr Shamim adults house if Kermanshah. \nSampling was of this randomly research was simple. First generally questionnaire has \npresented and every body that receiving more than 6 scores at depression factor was \nidentified and 30 numbers of them (18 persons female and 12 persons male) has been \nselected randomly. After this persons replaced randomly in 2 groups of 15. \n(experiment and control group). \nIn experiment group telling memory\'s sessions presented and every session took 1 and \nhalf hour. Depression\'s rate of pre research unit and post interference has controlled \nby using of Beck\'s depression questionnaire that has collected by T.Beck and partners \nin 1961. and it has analyzed by using of SPSS software and statistic test. \nIn the basis of findings in present studies, most of researching group of pre studying \nannoyed of depression at different levels in both experiment and control groups. How \never it has not seen high variation after interference in control group rather than \nbefore interference. But in experiment group depression frequency decreased so much \nafter interference. \nOn the basis of results it can be said that telling memory in group cause to decrease of \ndepression meaningful and by holding of teaching class for workers and nurses of \nadult\'s house can use this way as a assisting cure beside drug cure and others cures.
