The project is devoted to solve an inverse coefficient problem of the thermal conductivity equation. A conjugate difference problem is obtained by using direct difference problem. An iterative method is developed to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient of the multilayer ground. Limitation of the approximate value of thermal conductivity coefficient and monotony of minimizing functional are proved. The convergence of approximate solution to the original (initial) solution is developed. Numerical calculations proving the convergence of the iterative process were hold.
In 2004, when 10 new EU member nations entered the labor force, a potentially homogeneous market emerged: an irresistible magnet to EU and non-EU immigrants alike. Therefore, analysis of the impact of this phenomenon seems inevitable, specifically an analysis which enables social welfare systems to adjust their budgets in response to the rising influx of immigrants. In order to accomplish this, one must 1) analyze the direction of migrant flow; 2) to show the main factors for motivation to migrate. The authors has created a model that explicitly and implicitly incorporates the complex mutual dependencies. This model should also enable us to make predictions, specifically short-term predictions which are reasonably accurate. For this analysis, a multiple regression model with meaningful regressors were selected, which shows the hidden dependencies. We focused our study on two main factors, firstly the differences of social welfare systems within the EU and often referred as the motivation for social tourism and secondly the unemployment rate as regressor data. Once the model\'s forecasting accuracy has been established, the model can also be used for short term predictions that underpins the empirical observation of migration flows.
This study concerns about the process of teaching Arabic in the religious schools in Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, it attempts to investigate the problems faced and demonstrate solutions to overcome those problems which were suggested by students and teachers involved. The data for this research was collected using structured interview. The samples were 200 students and 100 Arabic teachers who were selected from 20 schools from each state in Peninsular Malaysia. The findings show that most of the problems faced in teaching Arabic Language are; the teaching and learning process of Arabic language were teachers centered learning, the teaching process is oriented to text translation, lack of exercise and questioning, less use of teaching aids and additional reading, lack of activity, passives attitude of students and lack of communication in Arabic language. Those solutions suggested by the students and teachers are expand the question and answer between teacher and student, the students make their discussion and presentation in front of the class, working group, drill exam format questions, using interactive ABM and communication in Arabic. This study recommends the government bodies should seriously look into those problems and use the solutions suggested by the students and Arabic teachers to upgrade the process of teaching and learning Arabic language in the religious schools in order to prepare students to be more fluent in Arabic language.
The future of image processing and computer-aided diagnosis in diagnostic radiology is more important now than ever. Breast cancer is the most common cancers among women in the developing countries. It has become a major cause of death. This paper presents a new algorithm needed in the process of breast cancer detection in the early stages. The tumors detected are circular or semicircular in shapes. The method used a template-matching procedure. These templates are defined according to the shape, and brightness of the tumor masses. The method based on a template-matching procedure. These templates are defined according to the shape, and brightness of the tumor masses. Prior to template matching, two types of filtering was implementing, median filtering enhances the mammogram images, and high pass filtering enhances the edges and clarify the shape of the tumor. Convert the image into binary one was needed to calculate the properties for all objects in the image. According to the diameter of the detected object, the 2D Gaussian template will design. So we had a dynamic diameter template according to the tumor shape. After creating the specific template the matching algorithm was achieved by using cross-correlation method that operates well on two-dimensional images and gives the best result for the matching process. After tested this algorithm in many several mammogram images the detection percentage becomes more reliable; more than 95% of matching percentage. Such result indicates that the new technique has improved the performance of our computer aided diagnosis system for mammographic breast cancer detection effectively. The algorithm was implemented in MATLAB and tested under Windows system. The method was tested over several images from MIAS (Mammogram Image Analysis Society, UK), that provides a standardized classification for mammographic studies.
Abstract: \nPurpose: To describe the experiences of Jordanian survivors of critical illness three months after discharge from hospital to their home. \nMethods:A purposive sample of 18Jordanian patients (11women & 7men)was interviewed over3-4 months after discharge from two hospitals in a major Jordanian city,Using Smith and Osborn (2008) data analysis process.\nFindings: Three main themes emerged: 1) New meaning of life, describes how participants felt that they were gifted from God (Allah) to get back their life and retaintheir spiritual values. 2) Different perspective of the meaning of life, describes the patient’s positive feeling toward getting back to ordinary life or negative feelings manifested by fear, anxiety depression, and flashbacks of traumatic experiences. 3) Struggling for role identity, describes patients desire to resume their role in the family but their feelings ofpowerlessness, and the loss of their independence/ role.\nConclusion:Patients described the discharge from the ICU as a rescue from death and valued their spiritual and religious rituals. Negative traumatic experiences hinder the patients\' recovery process. During recovery, patients struggle to resume their power and role in the family. \nClinical Relevance:Health care providers need to ensure a holistic approach is implemented to address identified patients’ spiritual needs and respond appropriately. The need for follow-up services to identify patients\' needs as a result oftraumatic experiences is essential. It isa nurse’s role to adequately prepare patients and their family for this period. \nKey words:Intensive care, Discharge home, Jordanian, Experiences, Critically ill.
This paper aims at emphasising the importance of the study of the criminal law characteristics in order to successfully reform the criminal law. Criminal law characteristics are analysed according to some general topics (interdependence and autonomy of the branches of law, the distinction between regulatory and sanctioning law, the general structure of juridical norms etc.). Thus, the analysis focuses not only on the criminal law specifics, but also the issues related to it as an essential constituent of the legal system. The analysis also highlights some errors and discrepancies of the current theory related to this topic, as well as the necessary corrections so that this theory be able to prove its worth.
Abstract:\nHealthy lifestyle behaviors (HLB) among the individuals suffering from the coronary artery disease (CAD) can significantly reduce the risk of developing the disease or reduce the severity of their existing conditions .Hence, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying health\npromoting behaviors among the individuals suffering from coronary artery disease.\nThis descriptive study was done on 282 hospitalized patients with CAD at the coronary angiography ward, cardiovascular care unit (CCU) and the cardio-internal care unit of hospitals in Tehran (2211). They were selected via purposive sampling method and the data was gathered by using the Demographic Questionnaire and Health Promotion Life-style Profile\n2(HPLPII). Descriptive statistics were used for describing the data and the T-test, One-way analysis of variance (Anova) and Pearson Correlation coefficients were used for inferential statistics.\nThe subjects’ overall mean score on HPLP-II was 2;412.241, the highest mean score was on inter-personal relations subscales (3;122.246) and the lowest mean score was on physical activity subscale (1;5522;65).\nIn this study, the scores related to physical activity and stress management subscales were low. This finding can be guidance for the nurses who are in charge of the health of society and the policy makers in welfare and health-related affairs to pay more attention to this issue.\nKey Words: coronary artery, lifestyle behaviors, physical activity, stress management
In this paper, a robust digital image watermarking scheme using Fractional Discrete Cosine Transform (FRDCT) has been presented which embeds the watermark information in middle frequency band after decomposition of host image using JPEG quantization table. FRDCT uses the combination of space/spatial and frequency domains, without introducing the multidimensional Radon-Wigner distribution for increasing the robustness. FRDCT provides a tool to compute the mix time and frequency components of a signal and share many useful properties of the regular DCT and it has a free parameter, its fraction. As the fraction changes from 0 to 1, one gets the different forms of the signal which interpolate between the cosine modulated form of the signal and its DCT representation. Analysis is provided to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique to varying system parameters. In addition, the performance of proposed watermarking scheme has been compared with the previously available multiscale ridgelet transform based watermarking algorithm. Further, the proposed watermark extraction scheme is also tested on images attacked by lossy image compression technique, addition of Gaussian noise and geometric manipulations like Cropping and Rotation to demonstrate the robustness and usefulness of the method.
Effect of thermal radiation on flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid over a stretching horizontal cylinder in the presence of a heat source/sink with suction/injection is discussed numerically. The governing boundary layer equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations. Mathematica has been used to solve such system after obtaining the missed initial conditions. Comparison of obtained numerical results is made with previously published results in some special cases, and found to be in a good agreement.
The emergence of new applications and the increase of reliance on networks to offer new services is pushing forward the need for improved security paradigms. To that end, NTRU public key cryptosystem was introduced. In this paper, fault detection scheme is introduced to improve the security and reliability of the NTRU in realistic environments. As the NTRU will be working in real networks, which have their own set of transient errors, handling such errors in analyzing the NTRU performance becomes a must. A single transient error occurring during the NTRU encryption or decryption process will likely result in a large number of errors in the encrypted/decrypted data. Such faults must be detected before sending and encrypting the information to avoid the transmission and use of erroneous data. Fault detection is important not only to protect the encryption/decryption process from random faults, but it will also protect the decryption operation from an attacker who may maliciously inject faults in order to find the secret key. We first describe the effects that faults may have on NTRU security while operating over a network by analyzing the propagation of such faults to the outputs. We then present fault detection scheme by using an error detecting code, using one parity bit. We will add the parity bits to the polynomials and disable the device output when any of these parity checks are violated. This fault detection scheme has more than 99% fault detection coverage in the encryption process and in the first part in the decryption process. In the second part in the decryption process, it has more than 67 % fault detection coverage. We can increase this ratio by adjusting the choices of the parameters of the NTRU network security system.
Abstract\nBackground: Social support is presently receiving increased attention in health care. Many few studies investigated about the association of social support and health among elderly people in Iran. The purpose of the study was to ascertain if a relationship exists between social support and health-related quality of life of older adults.\nObjective: This was a cross sectional study. The study participants were 180 elders aged 60 years and over living in Tehran, Iran. In addition to demographic information the Social Support Scale (SSS) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed in a descriptive fashion.\nResults: The findings showed a high level of perceived social support among older adults. The highest and lowest aspects of health-related quality of life derived from the SF-36 were social functioning and physical functioning, respectively. Furthermore the results from Spearman test indicated that there were significant correlation between social support and all aspects of the SF-36. The correlation between social support and vitality was the highest.\nConclusion: The findings suggest that social support could play an important role in improving health-related quality of life of older adults.\nKeywords: Social Support, Health-related quality, Older adults
The purpose of this study is to understand the wear properties of the carburized mild steels at different temperatures by the effects that sliding speed, time and different loads make. The chosen temperature ranges for carburization in this testing are 825oC, 875oC and 925oC, and in order to investigate the requirement of the adhesion wear, the apparatus pin on disc is utilized. The experimentations were executed on a bunch of samplings at specific periods of time (5 to 30 minutes), and at various loads (9.81N to 49.05N), and certain speeds (1.8 to 8m/sec). The findings of these settings illustrated that the method of carburization significantly upgrades wear features, for example wear rate and wear resistance, and also that these characteristics are amplified with raise in the carburization temperature . For the moment, the mild steel carburized at 925oC provides the best outcome for various wear features since it offers the utmost wear resistance at this temperature. Consequently, it must be given a preference for the desired uses and the outcomes will demonstrate direct relations of the rate of adhesion wear with time, sliding speed and load.
Composite materials present immense potential for use in infrastructure, both for rehabilitation of existing structures and construction of new facilities. The concept of composite materials itself offers possibility of effective exploitation of mechanical characteristics of the separate components till their limit, even in design process. \nThis paper presents experimental results for two series composite materials, which are different according to the used matrix, subjected to axial tension. These results are discussed in dependence on constituents of the materials and they show that the matrix selection doesn’t have strong influence on the mechanical characteristics of composite materials and their failure mode.
The issue about the association between volatility of output growth and output growth has been subject of research among economists. Some economists found negative association, while others found positive association. If one reads through this literature he will find out that there are many reasons to believe that there exist positive association between volatility and growth, and so there are as many reasons to believe that there exists negative association between volatility and growth. This paper proves that there exists positive association between volatility and growth on a large sample of pooled cross-country data (from all geographic regions). The inclusion of other variables in the models especially quality of institutions does not seem to reduce volatility. Inclusion of macroeconomic imbalances (Black Market Premium), and trade (Real/Current openness), does not affect volatility much but also does not affect GDP growth neither, since this variables lack statistical significance. Other variables from the neo-classical function (human capital, initial output, physical capital (investment), and convergence) affect GDP growth as expected.
In recent decades, the natural harvesting and cultivation of Tuber aestivum Vittad. (Burgundy or summer truffle) has spread throughout many European countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether the soil structure, soil chemistry, bedrock, climate, vegetation and host trees typical of 25 T. aestivum sites in Poland differ from those of T. aestivum sites in France, Italy and Sweden. These data indicate that T. aestivum can grow in soils with a broad range of soil structures. No striking differences in soil chemistry were found. The soil texture in natural forests was highly variable, ranging from silty-clay to clayey-silt and more rarely to silty, silty-sandy or clayey. The analysed soils varied widely, including both “heavy” (up to 55.5% clay) and “light” soils (up to 92.5% sand). Except for the host species, no common ground-layer plant species was associated with the presence of T. aestivum. The climate in Poland differs from those of Mediterranean countries and from that of Gotland, suggesting that T. aestivum populations can adapt to the local environment.
In this paper the authors use a non-Newtonian mathematical model for the blood flow in large vessels – elaborated and presented in a previous paper (Albert et al., 2013), for making some numerical simulations in the case of arterial aneurysms. The authors concentrate on the calculation of the wall shear stress, which is believed to have a special importance in the possible rupture of vascular vessels. The wall shear stress is calculated for an arterial segment in different cases, the obtained results are compared to some already existing in the literature. This research is crucial for assessing the rupture risk of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), i.e., an irreversible dilatation due to a weakening of the wall of the aorta in its abdominal segment.
This paper presents a suitable algorithm for modeling photovoltaic fields operating under different irradiance and temperature levels. It is based on the detailed non-linear model (including series and parallel resistors) of all PV modules composing the PV field. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. The developed model allows the prediction of PV cell behaviour under different environmental parameters. Matlab Simulink has been done to find the maximum power output (Pm), and voltage at maximum power output (Vm), of solar module. The model can also be used to extract the physical parameters for a given solar PV cell as a function of temperature and solar radiation. The effect of two environmental parameters, temperature and irradiance variations will be observed from simulated characteristics.
The purpose of the current article is to present to the scientific and educational community the procedure of an investigation, its later adaptation and its implementation from the area of physical education in pre-school, primary education and secondary education. This article shows the procedure followed in order to approach from the P.E. classroom the universal novel entitled, The Ingenious Nobleman Don Quixote from La Mancha, by Miguel de Cervantes, through the traditional games that appear in this novel.\nIn order to achieve our goals, we first of all had to identify the traditional games within the novel. Once those popular games were located in the novel and we learned how to play them, we adapted them to the different characteristics of various educational contexts and designed a proposal of educational intervention, so that we could put the games into practice for the aforementioned educational stages. \nFrom our discipline, physical education, we are going to work out the motor-function contents within the curriculum by means of the popular and traditional games that appear in the novel. By doing this, we will introduce our students to the study and knowledge of their own history and tradition. In addition to this, we will also contribute to the diffusion of the culture and the region of La Mancha in Spain to other students worldwide.
In the framework of the Scale Relativity Theory the dynamics of a complex fluid, considering the convective and dispersive effects are analyzed. It results two-flow regimes by means of cnoidal oscillation modes of a complex velocity field (non-quasiautonomous and quasiautonomous regime). The self-similarity of the cnoidal oscillation modes specifies both the existence of some “cloning” mechanisms and holographic behaviours of the complex fluid flows. Some correspondences with experimental data are represented.
Cannibalism is a type of feeding usually observed in predators. In omnivorous fish, like most cyprinids, it is noted sporadically. In the present study, the first report about sibling cannibalism in chub Leuciscus cephalus (L.) larvae was described. Chub larvae were reared under controlled conditions. After 9 days of rearing at a water temperature of 25 °C, cannibalism type I was observed (mortality caused by body damage). At this time, the larvae total length ranged from 10 to 11 mm. Additional observations on the preserved dead larvae showed that many of the first attack were not towards the tail part but on the fin-fold located near the anal fin. Total mortality caused by cannibalism type I and II (totally swollen preys) was over 35% of initial number of stocked larvae. The greater heterogeneity size of the larvae influenced the higher mortality affected by cannibalism. However, it is not clear which factors induced cannibalism in chub. Thus, further observations of cannibalistic behavior, including post-mortem feed are required.
Abstract\nReinforced steel in concrete is in highly alkaline environment. At this environment of higher alkalinity, reinforcement corrosion is impossible unless some external aggressive construction such as ingressive of chloride, carbonation attack etc and gases interact with the concrete in order to present or minimize the reinforcements, corrosion in concrete methods such as coatings to steel rebars, coatings to concrete corrosion, inhibiting admixtures, surface modification of steel, cathodic protection of steel are usually adopted among the metallic coatings. The objective of the present investigation is to modify the surface of the bare steel by electroless deposition of nickel. The efficiency of corrosion resistance properties of 10µ , 20 µ, and 30 µ coated steel were evaluated by conducting tolerable limit of chloride test, accelerated impressed voltage test and various electrochemical tests. From the above tests conducted it was found that coated steel increased the tolerable limit of chloride than bare mild steel.\nKey words: corrosion resistence, chloride penetration, metallic coatings etc.
In Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), the weights allocated to criteria is very crucial. Different\nsets of weights affect the final rankings of alternatives and provide different solutions. In this paper, a\nnew method is developed to assign weights to criteria when there is no preference among them. The\nnew method employs Standard Deviation to allocate the weights of criteria. In the new method the\nmore variance of the criterion\'s values the more weight it is assigned. An illustrative example is\npresented for validation of the proposed method.
In this paper, a new method is developed to solve numerical integration based on differential evolution algorithm incorporated to Chaos search. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm for solving numerical integration has higher precision. Several numerical simulation results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm over traditional methods. The superiority of the proposed algorithm is originated from better perturbation of chaotic search which resulted in better segmentation produced.
