Having the best capital structure can lead to the least cost of capital and the most potential\nvalue in today’s companies. Therefore, all companies try to maximize the corporate value\nthrough an appropriate capital structure. The paper is going to study the financing\nperformance of the Iranian car manufacturing companies (car manufacturing, component\nmanufacturing, machinery and equipments, and electrical systems).in this article after\nproviding a short review of literature related to the topic, there has been an attempt to study\nthe financing performance of car manufacturing companies which are active in Tehran Stock\nExchange from 1384 to 1388. This study includes a main hypothesis and 9 sub-hypotheses.\nThe independent variables include: retained earnings, long term bank loans, and short-term\nfinancing. The Dependent variables include: the price per share, earnings per share, and\ndividends. To test the assumptions of the study, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression\nanalysis, and SPSS software were used. According to the results independent variables have\nthe most impact on stock prices. The results also show that there is a positive and significant\nrelationship between corporate interests and financing performance in car manufacturing\ncompanies. But there is no significant relationship between stock prices, dividends and\nfinancing performance and they are mostly affected by other factors. Finally, it can be\nclaimed that car manufacturing companies mostly use loans in order to meet their financing\nperformance.
The present article investigates the relationship between systems thinking and organizational agility. For this purpose, by reviewing the concepts of agility and systems thinking and their component of them, we have designed the basic model of the research based on the literature review. Then, in order to investigate the relationship between systems thinking and organizational agility, a survey study has been done. The statistical population consists of 200 managers of the auto-parts manufacturing companies, who are members of auto-parts manufacturers’ society of Tabriz, from among whom 75 people have been selected as the research sample by using sampling formula. For data collection, two questionnaires have been used and in order to analyze the data, artificial neural networks have been used. In this regard, the artificial neural network with a hidden layer and 4 hidden units has been utilized. The results indicated the high accuracy of the designed neural network model. On these grounds, it can also been claimed that artificial neural networks are of high accuracy and reliability in designing the nonlinear and complicated functions.
Corporate Citizenship (CC) is most refined notation of Corporate Social Responsibility which hassle the consideration of Corporation towards its imperative role to constitutional responsibilities. Corporate citizenship is about companies taking into account their complete impact on society and the environment, not just their impact on the economy. It is about business assuming responsibilities that go well beyond the scope Of simple commercial relationship. The World Economic Forum (WEF) describes Corporate Citizenship as “A combination of policies and practices of a company in terms of their impacts on economic, environmental, and social parameters. In addition, the company’s interactions and impacts with all major stakeholders of the society are also taken into account to a reasonable extent.\nConcept of corporate citizenship has acquired relevance in the past decade to incorporate a global focus and the concrete approach of the stakeholder theory into corporate social responsibility. Corporate citizenship and the role of corporations in society have been debated for centuries as their perceived role is significant in enhancing the socioeconomic standards of the citizens.\nThe corporate should not merely exist to gain profits but rather follow a moral or even ethical consideration for enhancement of broader societal goals. Corporations are usually powerful and wealthy actors in society and as such they have a moral obligation to act in such a way that aids their less fortunate fellow citizens. In this study is investigated corporate citizenship in corporative firms in Kurdistan province. The result of this study is indicated corporative citizenship in corporative firms in Kurdistan province don’t have well position.
In this regard electrically small X shape compact triple band microstrip antenna has been proposed for satellite applications . The proposed X shape patch antenna with five rectangular slots produces dual band operation for Ku band applications and one for K band applications. This model is investigated by using Ansoft’s 3D full wave electromagnetic simulator. In order to achieve multiband operation in conventional rectangular slot, we have introduced three equilateral triangle slots in left, right and upper edge respectively, and two small triangular slots are protruding both sides of the feed line. Another characteristic of this proposed antenna is small ground plane comparable to others. As a result, we have achieved good impedance matching, return loss, radiation pattern and consistent gain at all three bands. The radiation patterns are nearly omnidirectional with moderate gain in both these operating bands. This low profile nature and simple configuration of the proposed antenna show the way to easy fabrication and make it appropriate for the application in wireless and satellite communication
One of the important issues in Data Envelopment Analysis is ranking. Until now many papers have been presented in this field. In the most ranking methods in DEA, only the efficient DMUs have been conducted and non-inefficient DMUs are ranked on the base of their efficiency scores. Therefore in these methods each efficient DMU has better rank than each non-efficient DMU. But there are some problems in DEA that some non-efficient DMUs have better performance than some efficient DMUs. Also in the most methods, ranking DMUs are only based on optimistic efficiency. For overcoming to these problems, in this paper a method is presented for ranking all of DMUs based on their stability radius relative to efficient and inefficient frontier. In this method, first by using concept of the stability radius relative to efficient frontier that has been presented by Cooper et al [11] and by generalizing it, two models are presented for getting stability radius of DMUs relative to inefficient frontier. Then by using TOPSIS method and the mentioned stability radiuses, a criterion is introduced for ranking all of the DMUs including the efficient and non-efficient DMUs. Finally, the presented method is utilized for two sets of data and the results have been reported.
The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between the ownership structure and\ncapital structure in an emerging market like Pakistan for the manufacturing sector. Pakistani firms are\ncomparatively more owner-concentrated and are mostly family ownership oriented. Main area of\ninterest in this study is to investigate the effect of this particular ownership structure on the capital\nstructure. Harfindahl index is used to measure ownership concentration and the relationship between\ninstitutional ownership and leverage is also investigated in this study. The period of study is 2006-2009\nand data is collected for 121 randomly selected KSE listed companies from major manufacturing\nsectors and is analyzed using regression analysis using fixed effect model approach. A highly\nsignificant negative relationship is found between ownership concentration and capital structure\nwhereas the institutional shareholding relationship with capital structure is found to be insignificant.\nBesides these two variables of interest, some control variables are also included in the study for which\nthe results are obtained as hypothesized except for firm size and effective tax rate.
In this article, estimation of the scale parameter of exponential distribution in presence of a\nprior information is consider. The shrinkage estimation of the scale parameter of exponential\ndistribution is derived with the presence of outliers by using linex loss function. The risk function\nof the estimators is derived and compared with that of an admissible estimator relative to linex\nloss function. Numerical computations are given for an empirical comparison.
In the present work,an efficient method using ionic liquid,1-Buthyl-3-Methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C4MIM][PF6] as extracting solvent in direct single drop microextraction followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) has been developed for the determination of Lead in environmental and biological samples. 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) was used as chelating agent . Exprimental parameters realted to the performance of IL-SDME, such as the pH,the concentration of the chelating agent , the volume of the extraction solvent,the extraction time, the stirring rate, the temperature effect and the salt effect have been investigated.Under the optimized conditions(PH=3),the linear range, detection limit (S/N=3) and reproducibility (RSD,n=10) were 20-1000 ngL-1,6.4 ngL-1 and 3.8% respectively. All microextraction experiments were carried out at room temperature. The method was applied to the analysis of environmental water samples such as tap, well,river water and biological samples such as human hair and salvia samples. The recoveries at 200 and 300 ngL-1 spiked level were in range of 93.6-102.7%.The main advantages of the proposed method are simple, low cost,rapid,high recovery,high extraction efficiency,good repeatability and volatile organic solvent –free.
Manganese ore is widely used in many industries. Such as ore contain natural radioactive nuclides at various concentrations. If this ore contain high concentrations of natural radioactive nuclides, workers handling them might be exposed to significant levels of radiation. Therefore it is important to determine the radioactive nuclides in this ore. Also the regulation of radon concentration at workplaces has gained an accentuated importance in all countries. Nevertheless, at this time there is no globally accepted workplace protocol that sets out safe radon concentration values. In this study the radon concentration measured by using an Alpha Guard radon monitor, the equilibrium factor which was greater than the value given in literature, effective radiation dose, which are necessary for the exact estimation of the radiation dose originating from radon. The regulation of radon concentration at workplaces has gained an accentuated importance in all countries. Approach: The natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th and 40K) contents of manganese ore samples collected from Umm Bogma, southwest Sinai and from the mountain access Hamid South Eastern Desert, Egypt have been determined by low background spectroscopy using hyper-pure germanium (HPGe) detector. Results: The mean activities due to the three radionuclides (238U, 232Th and40K) were found to be 1500±65, 490±65 and 364±45 Bqkg-1, respectively. The absorbed dose rate due to the natural radioactivity in samples under investigation ranged from 1522±45 → 1796±43 nGyh-1. The radium equivalent activity varied from 3807±114→ 4446±133 Bqkg-1.The representative external hazard index values for the corresponding samples are also estimated. Conclusion: The results of this assessment obtained by the gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis, have indicated that the levels of natural radioactivity were lower than the international recommended limits
This paper proposed a revised technology acceptance model for measuring end user attitude (EUA) toward use of information technology. An empirical study was conducted to collect data and it was used to test the proposed research model. The structural equation modeling technique was used to evaluate the causal model and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the reliability and validity of the measurement model. The results demonstrate that the model explains 73% of the variance. These findings contribute to an expanded understanding of the factors that promote EUA toward use of information technology. The implication of this work to both researchers and practitioners is discussed.
In this paper, we present a new Ternary logic Subtractor (TLA) that is implemented by CNTFET. In addition, we investigate the design of two Novel subtractors based on the proposed TLA. Ternary results are better than the Binary ones. Results show large decrements in delay time. Further, the second presented circuit with its Simulation results has demonstrated significant development in speed, area and power consumption. In the past extensive design techniques, Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) circuits (especially ternary logic inverters) have been proposed by CMOS Technology. Here, the new TLA based on CNTFETs is presented, and wide simulation results have been done by HSPICE.
Wastewater treatment with magnetic separation offers a two-step process for an efficient water purification and separation of fine magnetic adsorbents from soultion. Consequently, a magnetically assisted water-treatment system consisting of a seeding reactor and a powerful magnetic trap is used to remove lead(II) ion as a model heavy metal. Basic tests are conducted to verify the system’s ability to low lead(II) ion to values below the maximum allowable discharge limit and to capture three magnetic adsorbents namely: nanosized Fe3O4 (10 nm), eggshell@Fe3O4 (54-75 μm) and partially converted mollusk shell@Fe3O4 (104-150 μm). The three adsorbents are introduced in a known dosage into the influent as part of an aqueous solution. Save for nanosized Fe3O4, the adsorbents completely remove lead(II) from solution containing 200 mgPb2+/L. In the flow range tested, the adsorbents capture ratios are >99% depicting the high efficiency of the magnetic trap.
Nowadays, online product communities have turned into an integral element of Web-based strategies of many corporations. This facility allows customers to be kept in touch with producer companies. Hence, these conditions raising the importance of customer experience in the online environment as well. This quantitative research aimed to develop a new framework to illustrate the determinants of service quality from customer experiences perspective in the online environment in Malaysia. To conduct this study, the four dimensions of customer experience, namely Pragmatic Experience, Sociability Experience, Usability Experience and Hedonic Experience, were at first identified from review of literature. Subsequently, gathering data from 148 respondents in Selangor (Malaysia) was done and the Multiple Regression Analysis was applied to check the associations between each variable and service quality. The developed model covered the 63.7% of variation and showed that service quality is affected by the four identified independent variables significantly.
The present study evaluates the proximate composition and mineral constituents of Haloxylon salicornicum plant collected from Choilsitan Desert, Pakistan. Total 125 plant samples (stem and leaves) were collected from ten different locations in the area. Collected samples were washed, dried, ground and sieved through 20 mm mesh sieve. The powdered samples were analysed for chemical and minerals analysis using standards procedures developed by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results showed that stem and leaves of Haloxylon salicornicum are rich in minerals and chemical components, therefore can be a good source of animal feeds. Phytochemical investigation of plants revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, bound glycosides suggesting that plant can be useful in medicinal field. In conclusion, it is suggested that Haloxylon salicornicum has great medicinal and nutritional importance which can be a good sources of some important nutrients for humans and can become a source of poverty alleviation for the poor local community of the area.
This article is focused to the problems of the coal mining process intensification. The aim is the explaining of simulation model which presents management system adequated to new requirements. The knowledge of a dynamic behaviour and features of production system and its management are needed to this model creation. Starting points as the functional characteristics and structure of elements linkage and behaviour, i. e. characteristics which determine the dynamics of coal mining process are characterized. Simulation model is structured as functional blocks and their linkages with regard to organizational and temporal hierarchy of their actions. The creation of presented simulation model is based on theoretical findings of regulation, hierarchical systems and optimization.
Security is one of the basic needs and necessities of individuals and society and its absence or any problem or defect in it will lead to the disturbing consequences, so providing societal security and taking care of it in various economic, social and cultural dimensions are of special importance. \nThis study has been conducted on university students in Zanjan in order to sociologically examine the sense of societal security and social factors effective on it.\nIn this study, sense of security of individuals in six dimensions of safety, financial, occupational, intellectual, verbal, psychological and political security has been evaluated. Theoretical framework of this study is an integration of the opinions of the scholars of Copenhagen school (Ole Weaver, Buzan, and Moller), social experts and thinkers (Giddenz) and social psychologists (Maslow, Allport, and Eric Fromm).This study is a questionnaire based survey as far as controlling research conditions is concerned and it has broad vision in terms of breadth and it is sectional in terms of time.\nStatistical population of this study is the students of Zanjan University who are totally 33000 persons and the sample size is composed of 370 individuals using Cochran\'s formula, but for more reliability, relevant information has been collected from more than 420 students. Multi-stage random sampling has also been used as the sampling method in this study. Research findings have shown that university students\' sense of societal security in Zanjan with a mean value of 67.83 percent is in an average and higher than average level. Students have a low sense of security as far as job is concerned and they have a moderate sense of security in other dimensions.\nAlso findings have shown that there are significant differences among students in Zanjan in the fields of age, population, marital status, residence status and type of university. \nTest of hypothesis also shows that variables of trust, control, justice and social solidarity\nhave increasing, positive and direct effect on the students\' sense of societal security; and relative deprivation and social alienation variables have lowering, reverse and negative effect on this feeling (sense).\nThe results of multiple regression analysis also showed that variables of social trust, social control, social solidarity and relative deprivation are four major variables that are effective on students\' sense of security in Zanjan. These four variables explain 26/1% of the changes or variability of dependent variable.
This paper presents the computerized simulation of the dynamic transmission expansion planning (DTNEP) model considering network losses and distributed generation (DG) using IDPSOMS method, as described in Part 1. The effectiveness of the new idea has been tested on Garver\'s 6-bus system and a real transmission network of the Azerbaijan regional electric company using proposed algorithm (IDPSOMS) and compared with discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO). The results evaluation show that considering DG sources in DTNEP problem solution with network losses caused the total expansion cost of the network (expansion and operational costs) is decreased and therefore the DTNEP problem is more optimized. Also, regarding the convergence curves of both methods, it can be seen that precision of the proposed algorithm for the solution of the DTNEP problem is more than DPSO approach.
The main goal of dynamic transmission network expansion planning (DTNEP) is to define where, when and which kind of transmission lines should be installed in the network to ensure an adequate level of energy supply to load centers. Network losses has important role in determination of network arrangement and therefore transmission network expansion planning (TNEP). Distributed generation (DG) can reduce network losses due to nearness of generation to load centers, Thus, DG sources can have important effect on DTNEP problem solution. Much research has been done on the field of transmission expansion planning up to now. However, in all of them, TNEP considering the network losses and DG has not been studied. This paper proposes a new model for solution of DTNEP problem considering network losses and distributed generation. The solution method, validity of the model and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated in Part 2.
Background: Information and its major effect on strengthening the process of management decision-making cause the maximum efficiency in a system. Thus, if the information makes available for managers with required speed and in a proper way, it will help them to make correct and proper decisions. Unavailability of such conditions will cause irretrievable problems especially in the health sector.\nObjective: The objective of applying Geographical Information System in health management is to prevent the incidence and prevalence of different diseases through survey and analysis the way of their incidence and prevalence with regard to geographical situation and environmental conditions. In this way the proper managerial strategies will obtain for health control.\nMaterial and Methods: After necessary studies and organizing expertise meetings, three districts (Farsan from Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, Dashti from Boushehr province and Bam from Kerman province) were chosen where ecological variety and environmental related diseases have. This project was performed through contracting agreement with private sector, cooperating above mentioned districts health network and under surveillance of the Bureau of Development and Coordination of Statistical System.\nResults: The data model of this project was designed in the form of geographical databank on the basis of descriptive information of health network and need assessment.\nConclusion: The system was accountable to information needs of health system and there is the possibility of its development and improvement from many aspects.
find mobile phones convenient and useful, younger generations tend to appreciate them more and be more dependent on them. The objective of this paper was to examine students’ use and impact on the addictive consumption of mobile phones. The questionnaire survey research was conducted on Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) students’ mobile phone and consisted of 40 questions that dealt with various aspects of mobile phone use, such as mobile phone ownerships, time spent for mobile phone calls, monthly cell phone bills, communication networks, text messaging, and mobile phone dependency. The survey results indicated that of the 100 responses, 87.0% owned or have mobile phones and 92.0% of them have had mobile phones for more than one year. The results also showed significant addiction in several aspects of mobile phone use and the impact on addictive consumption of mobile phone among students. Multiple interpretations of the findings were discussed and implied. Future studies should assess the effectiveness of control strategies, and ways that government agencies, social marketer’s mobile phone service providers may assist.
This study advances research on leader’s & individuals’ entrepreneurial orientation, organizational factors and project success in IT firms. This study adds value by taking entrepreneurial orientation of leader as leadership behavior rather than taking traditional leadership concepts, and investigates its outcomes in shape of individuals’ entrepreneurial orientation. Using data collected from 42 teams of 25 IT firms, where sample consisting of 42 team leaders and 378 employees, we found that presence of organizational factors and leader’s entrepreneurial orientation increases individuals’ entrepreneurial orientation, which ultimately increases projects success. Overall, findings contribute by highlighting the significance of leader’s and organizational role towards individuals’ entrepreneurial role and performance. Findings are followed by recommendations and future directions.
This paper with the purpose of the Banking Development Team and the satisfaction they be considered. In fact, customer satisfaction due to product character or service which is offered for customers that encourage re-use box. Accordingly the present study to investigate how the impact of electronic banking systems on customer satisfaction with the hypothesis that the uterus increases in bank resources, improve service quality, cost savings and positive Approaches to employees, were tested.\n To test the hypothesis of a statistical sample 381 people of customers Parsian bank branches was selected and between sample questionnaires were distributed,While the analysis in order to confirm or reject hypotheses, customer perspective based on demographic characteristics including gender, age, duration cooperation with banks, education was reviewed.\n For analysis Resulting data, paired T- test and in terms software of SPSS software was used.According to the hypothesis testing meaningfull level (sig=0.00) for the range less than 0.05 obtained, hypotheses were confirmed.results obtained show that there is a relationship between two variables in the three hypothesis and deployment of e-banking system increase in bank resources, improve service quality, saving costs and positive Approaches to employees and thus lead to customer satisfaction.
This research aims to grade different small and medium industries groups of west Azerbaijan province from knowledge management view point. The research is descriptive and the statistical population involves all different small and medium industrial groups of west Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample was determined 601 departments by using the sample volume determination relation in the limited populations. These departments were selected by relative cluster random sampling method. In order to collect the data Filius and et al questionnaire was employed and the fuzzy TOPSIS method was used for analysis of the data. The results show that machineries and equipment’s group is in the first grade among other small and medium industrial groups.
In this paper, an approach implementing Legendre wavelets method in combination with the collocation technique is introduced for the numerical solution of system of nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equations. The main characteristic behind this approach is that it reduces such problems to those of solving a system of nonlinear algebraic equations\nwhich greatly simplifying the problem. Convergence analysis for this method is presented. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the techniques. The method is easy to implement and yields accurate results.
The recent economic downturn gave a tremendous impact on the Malaysian construction industry. QS consultant firms were not spared from the impact. The 1997 financial crisis seemed to be a wake-up call to all of the practitioners in the construction industry. Many of the QS consultant firms took strategic approaches to overcome the strike of the recent economic downturn. The objective of this research is to determine the reaction of QS consultant firms towards the recent crisis that struck the nation Malaysia, a fast developing economy. Besides, this research reveals the recipe of survival of various QS consultant firms from the turmoil. Towards the end, the paper suggests suitable approaches to mitigate the impacts from the economic downturn for future survival of QS consultant firms. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The impact of economic downturn on QS consultant firms are seen in the decline of jobs, projects, and professional fees. Management theories were the main weapon used by the QS consultant firms to mitigate the negative impacts.
To evaluate the effects of drought stress in different growth periods on grain growth analysis, research was conducted with application factorial experiments based on complete randomized block design(CRBD) with 4 replications and 2 factors with 4 levels of water stress as the first factor (S) and in secondary factor was period of growth (V) with 3 levels. Research was done in 3 years (1999-2000 &2000;-2001 and 2001-2002) in Field research of Islamic azad university in 3 km from south of Ahwaz city in IRAN. Grain growth components such as: Effective Filling Period (EFP) and grain filling rate () were change with the use of water stress treatments. With increasing water stress sever, (EFP) decreased from 23 to 20 days but () increased from 0.63 to 0.96 mg/day. These changes in component of seed eventually reduce the yield. In fact, increase () can\'t to prevent from yield loss. EFB is the most important factor in grain filling. If the EFB was reduced for any reason, the yield will reduce drastically and cannot compensate EFB decay.\nKeywords: Corn, drought stress, grain growth analysis, period of growth
This research analyzes the tacit knowledge of good governance related to electronic government procurement with e-auction approach. Data on good governance practices in electronic government procurement was gathered from government procurement officers to share their experiences in Thai e-procurement governance. In-depth interviews were conducted with government officers. Interviewees were from both operational and management level of government agencies. The research found that in the e-procurement process, both administrative and operational level of government officers, vendors, and political officials influenced good governance practices in e-government procurement. To support good governance procurement practices of e-government procurement, the Thai government requires strong enforcement and penalty to achieve potential benefits from a successful implementation of e-procurement.
In this paper, we present a hybrid and practical method for allocation of combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) generator at the bus. Firstly, The consumers that using of central heating systems will be candidate for CCHP installation. At Second stage, utilizing the bus thermal coefficient, the possibility of heat selling around these buses can be calculated using the fuzzy method ,Then by considering the bus thermal coefficient and electrical power to heat ratio of CCHPs on the market we recommend several CCHPs for this buses. In this section, the financial benefit for investors by selling CCHP heat output is determined . In the third stage, the amount of the loss reduction and the voltage improvement due to proposed CCHPs installation using nodal pricing method is observed as financial benefit of distribution company. Finally, we obtain the suitable location of CCHP based on Game Theory and considering the distribution company and investors as players. The proposed method is examined in a sample distribution feeder in the city of Hamedan.
Performance enhancement requirements and increasing complexity are important characteristics of world scientific problems. Hence, creation of Grid systems and their improvement are in very much attention. What leads to enhancement the Quality of Service in grid systems is Time-Cost optimization in resource allocation to execute tasks entered into the system. In the most researches which published their results in literature time optimization has just been considered or cost optimization. In this paper a new approach is proposed to optimization tasks processing time and cost simultaneously. Afterward, an improved gravitational attraction search algorithm has been applied to solve Grid Resource Allocation problem. At the last part, the results of proposed algorithm execution and basic gravitational attraction search algorithm has been compared and improvement in execution time of algorithm and obtaining more appropriate results in less time has been emphasized.
Type 2 diabetic patients will be vulnerable to a several problems. The fungal infections of nails may be one of these problems. Aims: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of toenail Onychomycosis among type 2 diabetes mellitus Three hundred type 2 diabetic patients were studied. The data of age, gender, racial origin, area of residence, Body Mass Index, serum Fasting Blood Sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, creatinine and onychomycosis clinical types were obtained.19 onychomycosis patients (6.3%) were diagnosed. The men (6.7%) and Fars ethnic groups (6.9%) were more affected than women (6.2%) and Non-Fars (4.4%), respectively (p> 0.05). The patients who live in rural area (7.4%) were more affected than city (5.9%) (p> 0.05). Patients who have body mass index >30 (7.9%) were more affected than other body mass index values (p> 0.05). The most clinical type observation of onychomycosis was Hyperkeratotic (P<0.05). Lower prevalence rate of onychomycosis among type 2 diabetic patients may depend on different reasons. These may include climate, better hygiene, the medical advisory of dermatologist to the diabetic patients and the repeated examination by dermatologist may be the important reasons for low prevalence of onychomycosis among these patients.
Abstract\nSalinity is one of the environmental limiting factors in agricultural product producing. So the investigation of the plants and finding some method to resist the plants against salinity stress is very important. For the aim of investigation the effects of salinity stress in leaf characteristic and chlorophyll content of commercial varieties maize, seven varieties of maize (SC301, SC704, SC302, Zp684, SC700, Bc662, Simon) and zero salinity level (control), 50, 100 and 150 mM chloride sodium in 3 replication experimentally in RB design in pot and the salinity related apply were done after full experiment of soil. The analysis of variance of under investigated characteristics was done in coincidently blocks design on normal data. . In the traits leaf relative water content (LRWC) and Stem diameter, significant differences at 1% probability level was seen between different salinities and between genotypes. The interaction between genotype × salinity was also significant. Genotypes showed significant differences at 1% probability level, in the superoxide dismutase. Catalase increased with increasing soil salinity and the salinity of 100 mM, the highest amount of catalase with 5.072 was measured. Enzyme ascorbate peroxidase increased with increasing salinity, but no significant difference was seen among them. Leaf proline increased with increasing salinity and at 100 mM of salt, the highest amount of proline with 2.896 was obtained.\nKey words: Maize- antioxidant enzyme -salinity stress-proline
In this paper, the performance evaluation of decision-making units (DMU) with some outputs and inputs expressed as a function (functional item) has been analyzed. This investigation has been done by using wavelet functions on the data envelopment analysis (DEA). In this method, each functional data was transformed to wavelet coefficients and then by dividing the function to various divisions, wavelet norms of all divisions were substituted with functional data. Then, relative efficiency was estimated with wavelet norms instead of functional data for each DMU. To clarify the method, an example has been presented and solved.
