In any society, due to their age (up to 18 years), minors constitute one of the most important and vulnerable groups. Thus, their treatment and protection is of particular importance, especially when they break the law and come into contact with criminal justice. Therefore, for the treatment of minors in contact with the law, we must have not only a friendly and functional justice system, but also a set of other actors involved in the process. This means that it is necessary to have special programs aimed at studying and dealing with issues for minors in conflict with the law. Programs, which are created and operate also at institutions, such as universities, that have a great importance and impact on society. This project aims to enable the creation in Albania, according to the best practices of the European Union countries, a specific program, with the object of treating minors in conflict with the law. The Code of Criminal Justice for Minors, the first in the history of Albania, has brought a new approach to the criminal justice system by putting the minor at the center, strengthening the justice system in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Convention on Children's Rights. Approximately five years have passed since the adoption of the Code and there are no institutional structures, special programs or specialized personnel for the treatment of minors in conflict with the criminal law. Therefore, it is intended to create a special program for the treatment of minors in conflict with the law in Albania, from the Faculty of Law, University of Tirana.
On the criminal offenses in the field of cybernetics also includes those of a racist and xenophobic nature that are committed through computer systems. The provision of these offenses has come as a result of the implementation of the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on the penalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems, ratified by the Albanian state through law no. 9262, dated 29.7. 2004 "For the ratification of the "Additional Protocol to the convention on cybercrime, for the criminalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems". The criminal offenses transposed by this protocol into the criminal law are: "Computer distribution of pro-genocide materials or crimes against humanity" 1 , "Threats with motives of racism and xenophobia through the computer system" 2 , "Distribution of racist or xenophobic materials through the computer system" 3and "Insult with motives of racism or xenophobia through the computer system" 4 . The common element between them is the racist and xenophobic motive, as well as the fact that their realization is always accomplished through a computer system. The criminalization of the actions of the objective side of these criminal offenses is consistent with the goal of fighting cybercrime, which is increasingly being updated and bringing a variety of methods of execution and consequences. Referring to the data published by the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Albania, the applicability of these provisions in practice has been very low, not to mention zero in some years. Based on these figures, in order to apply these provisions in practice, it is necessary to study and analyze in detail the four provisions above. Under this study need, in this paper we will deal in detail only with the criminal offense " Computer distribution of pro-genocide materials or crimes against humanity", provided by article 74/a, of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania. Specifically, in its content you will find the criminal legal analysis of this criminal offense, current discussions on the efficiency of the norm and the need for its change, as well as practical cases of the ECHR on the consummation of this criminal offense. At the end of the paper, taking into consideration everything that we have dealt with in the entirety of the paper, we have prepared conclusions and recommendations, the applicability of which in practice brings improvement both within a good and efficient legal provision, and in function of applicability of this provision in practice. Field: Material criminal law Keywords: Computer distribution of pro-genocide or crimes against humanity materials
Tick infestation poses a major threat to the lifestyle of livestock. The main tick species found in domestic animals of India is Rhipicephalus [Boophilus] microplus. Several plants have the ability to inhibit the growth of the ticks in domestic animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Acaricidal activity of Eucalyptus essential oil based nanoformulations against Ticks. Eucalyptus oil nanoemulsion was formulated in 1:1 ratio. The formulated eucalyptus oilnanoemulsion was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, Fourier Transformed Infrared Analysis . The nanoemulsion droplets were found to have a Z-average diameter of 55.67nm and were spherical in shape. Efficacy of eucalyptus based nanoemulsion against ticks were tested based on In vitro and In Vivo test. The histopathology of tick -treated and untreated nanoemulsion was analyzed.
The seems to be scarcity of scholarship when it comes to the significance of visual language in context to cartoons designed in the South African indigenous languages. As an attempt to bridge this gap, the aim of this research article is to investigate the literary significance of colour and size as visual language features in Mqapheli Mngadi�s editorial cartoons. The study is done literary through semiotic � stylistics to interpret the qualitatively �visuo � textually� examined data. The reader response theory is also adopted as the second literary theory to aid the analysis and account for what could be considered as the study�s possible limitations. The findings of the study demonstrate that colour and size, as visual language features, are used as one of the narrative techniques. This plays a significant stylistic role in assisting the cartoonist to paint complete pictures about the ideas he intends to convey. In addition to written words, these visual language techniques are essentially used to express ideas and build meaningful context.
This article examines some Sepedi proverbs that are oppressive against men. This is due to the discovery that there are quite a few of such proverbs in the Sepedi language. The proverbs to be considered are Monna ke nku o llela teng (A man is a sheep, he cries internally) and Modiidi ga a tsogelwe (A poor man does not get erection). These proverbs are selected as the idea of male oppression comes out very vividly in them. Each proverb will be discussed, also considering the figures of speech associated with it. The subtopics of this discourse are introduction, analysis, and conclusion.
The Probation Service is a crucial component of state organization and operation, as this \ninstitution\'s purpose is to oversee alternative sentencing, thereby ensuring the rehabilitation \nof individuals subject to such sanctions. For the successful realization of this goal—namely, \nthe assistance in reintegration and resocialization of law offenders into the community \nthrough contemporary methods and tools of alternative punishments—the staff of the \nProbation Service must be qualified. This entails that the selected personnel not only possess \nthe requisite professional training to handle supervised individuals but also continuously \nundergo various processes and techniques for motivation, professional development, and \nperformance evaluation. Consequently, and due to the scant scientific research in this field \nin Albania and beyond, our aim is to highlight the most crucial element of such an \ninstitution—the personnel, specifically, the so-called probation service specialists (PSS).\nWe have examined whether the management of PSS in Albania adheres to international \nstandards, or the so-called Tokyo Rules, concerning personnel, starting from the selection \nprocess, motivation, performance evaluation, and professional development. To achieve this \nobjective, firstly, it was determined whether the Albanian legal framework on the \norganization and functioning of the Probation Service specifies these international standards, \nor the Tokyo Rules, regarding personnel. Secondly, it was verified whether these \ninternational standards on personnel are applied in the management practices of PSS in \nAlbania. Thirdly, it was ascertained that managing PSS according to international standards \nguarantees the effective execution of alternative sentences. In this manner, we have \ndemonstrated the role and impact that well-managed personnel have on achieving the \npurpose and mission of the Probation Service, namely, the rehabilitation and reintegration of \nthe supervised individual.\nThis study, from the perspective of the Tokyo Rules, has first revealed that the legal \nframework in Albania for managing the personnel of the Probation Service adheres to \ninternational standards, or the so-called Tokyo Rules; secondly, that the management in \npractice of PSS does not occur according to this legal framework and international standards. \nFurthermore, it has been shown that the management in practice of PSS not according to \ninternational standards has not ensured the effective execution of alternative sentences. Thus, \nwe have identified the direct impact that well-managed personnel have on realizing the goal \nand mission of the Probation Service, i.e., the supervision of alternative sentences and the \nrehabilitation/reintegration of the supervised person.
An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of trickle irrigation and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on nutrient availability and fruit production of Aonla. The two years pooled data assessed the influence of trickle irrigation intervals (3 and 6 days) and various doses of superabsorbent polymer (30, 60, 90, and 120 g) with black polyethylene mulch on soil properties, soil and leaf nutrient availability and fruit yield quality attributes of Aonla. Results showed that the combined treatment of drip/trickle irrigation intervals and SAP with mulch retained the maximum water holding capacity, with the three-day interval of drip/trickle irrigation paired with 90 g of SAP and mulch exhibiting the most positive effects on soil characteristics, and fruit yield enhancement. Plants treated with this method yielded the highest fruit production (101.43 kg/tree), followed by the same irrigation interval with 120 g of SAP and mulch (96.98 kg/tree), while control plants yield the least (66.79 kg/tree) over the two-year period (pooled data). Superabsorbent polymers not only conserve water during irrigation but also enhance soil physico-chemical and biological properties, being environmentally friendly as they naturally degrade without leaving toxic residues. Thus, the application of SAP presents a promising approach to increasing fruit production sustainably in water-stressed environments.
Although bronchiectasis is the most common respiratory manifestation associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the pathophysiology or clinical features of IBD-associated bronchiectasis are not yet well understood. This study reviewed published studies on comorbid bronchiectasis and IBD [ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD)]. Of 53 reported patients (49 UC and 4 CD), 21 were men (39.6%) and 32 were women (60.4%). IBD preceded bronchiectasis in 98.0% (50/51), excluding two with almost simultaneous onset. After surgery for IBD, bronchiectasis developed in 45.3% (24/53) of patients. Moreover, bronchiectasis developed within a year after surgery in 15 (62.5%) among 24 patients. However, distinguishing IBD-associated bronchiectasis from unrelated bronchiectasis and IBD comorbidity was difficult.
The aim of this research article is to examine language borrowing in Mqapheli Mngadi’s cartoons, and this is done by considering loan-words as one of the language borrowing processes. While the study adopts ethnography of communication as the main theory, to guide the analysis of the qualitatively textually analysed data, the study is conceptually grounded on socio-stylistics. This is because one of its aims is to critically evaluate the socio-stylistic significance of language borrowing in Mngadi’s selected editorial cartoons. The findings of the study demonstrate that Mngadi employs loan-words to artistically depict context, culture and setting in his cartoons. It was also discovered that the cartoonist, in some instances, uses loan words because there are no isiZulu equivalents. On the same note, he uses them when a more suitable word is preferred, so that the cartoons are more relatable.
Abstract\nWomen\'s health is of particular importance across the globe. Women serve as the forerunners of entire generations which is a convincing factor why the health of their reproductive organs requires adequate attention to combat vaginal infections, which are the most prevalent of all. Dozens of microorganisms inhabit the vagina, turning it into a complex environment, with some of these posing a risk to women\'s health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of bacterial vaginosis based on its prevalence. The study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2021 at the Microbiologic/Bacteriologic Laboratory of the Regional Directorate of Health in Korça. A total of 3175 women aged 14 to 45, and older, participated in the study. The method employed to assess antibiotic resistance of the most prevalent bacterial infections was the disc diffusion method (a modified version of the Kirby-Bauer method). Consequently, some 2174 women out of a total of 3175, or 67.62% of women resulted having positive vaginal cultures. The highest frequency of infection was observed among women aged 45 years or younger, followed by those aged 36-45 and 26-35. Conversely, a low frequency of infection was noted among those aged 1 to 14. Escherichia coli emerged as the most prevalent bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus spp. Among the most tested antibiotics, pathogenic bacteria exhibited one-fold, two-fold, and multi-fold resistances. However, following the Covid-19 pandemic in 2021, E. coli exhibited increased resistance to Azithromycin, which was widely administered during the pandemic. We conclude that in order to mitigate antibiotic resistance and enhance the efficacy of treatment for vaginal infections, it is imperative to alter antibiotic treatment protocols.\nKeywords: antibiotic resistance, vaginal infection, Staphylococcus spp., E coli.